For the following examples, identify the independent (also called explanatory or predictor) and the dependent variables (also called outcome or response variable).

1. A nurse is researching the development of pressure ulcers and whether turning and positioning every 1 hour versus every two hours is more effective.

Independent variable:

Dependent variable:

2. A cancer researcher is conducting an experiment with two different chemotherapy agents to see if there is a difference in patient mortality.

Independent variable:

Dependent variable:

3. A university professor is conducting a study on student performance to see the effect of an anxiety reduction intervention.

Independent variable:

Dependent variable:

4. Participants wishing to lose weight have been randomized to either a Mediterranean diet or a Paleo diet.

Independent variable:

Dependent variable:

5. Elderly women are in a study to see if exercise alone or exercise with weight lifting affects bone density.

Independent variable:

Dependent variable: