For the year 2023, Alphabet Inc. reported the following: total revenue of $280 billion, cost of goods sold of $140 billion, operating expenses of $80 billion, interest expense of $3 billion, and tax expense of $10 billion. The company’s total assets amounted to $450 billion, and its total liabilities were $180 billion.

1. Calculate the gross profit margin.
2. Determine the net profit margin.
3. Compute the interest coverage ratio.

Determine the debt-to-equity ratio.