Four of the five statements about nonnative species are true. Select the exception.

a. nonnative species provide no benefits in their new habitats

b. nonnative trees are grown in 85% of the world's tree plantations

c. invasive species rarely cause global extinctions of other species

d. Introduced species do not have natural predators in their new ecosystem

e. The spread of nonnative species is the second-largest threat to animal and plant ecosystems