Framing and reversal of preferences Framing entails ideas and hypothetical viewpoints on how people, groups, and society organize, perceive, and convey the real world. Framing portrayal is through one's thoughts and communication. Framing is crucial in the study of human interactions in sociology. (Max and Don 82) portray in a variety of ways how framing can affect the choice outcome in decision making. Through the Asian disease problem, the Russian roulette dilemma and the valuing of items case scenarios. The Country is preparing for an Asian disease that postulates to kill 600 people. Alternatively, scientists propose two programs to combat the disease have. The frame I selected assumes that the exact scientific estimates of the consequences of the programs are as follows. Program A: If Program A is adopted, it saves 200 people. Program B: If Program B is adopted, there is a one-third probability of saving 600 people and a two-thirds probability that no people get saved.(frame) 1. What issues does the frame address most? Framing address the ambiguity that occurs during decision making. Depending on the framing of problems, external manipulation and inherent forces can impact decisions made. Max et al. address the systematic when problem presentation is in different forms. Presentation of the Asian Disease case scenario was done in two ways: one gave results in terms of lives saved, and the other gave results in terms of the expected loss of life. Individuals usually are drawn to the definite certainty innate in a positive framing result, which guarantees gains. Consequently, if people fail to incorporate critical thinking in the decision-making process, they are likely to be duped into accepting deals and opportunities that are not favorable to them and ultimately make the wrong choices. 2. What boundaries do we put on the question? In particular, what aspects of the situation do we leave out of consideration? The framing of a decision in a positive approach results in safer decisions; less risky decisions will often result when framed in a negative approach. In the case scenario of the frame of the Asian disease, the framing of program A was perceived to be less risky than the framing of Program B. However, this was not the case. Program A had more risk involved than program B, which had a likelihood of saving more peoples lives. When making decisions, we often have a one-sided approach; we view the positive and ultimately forget the negative. Individuals tend to negate and ignore the adverse effect and lean towards a decision that will give us a more pseudo-certainty outcome. 3. What yardsticks or reference points can be used to measure success? Measuring a decision problem's success can be in various ways; however, the outcome of the decision made can primarily measure its success. Individuals usually are drawn to the definite certainty innate in a positive framing result, which guarantees gains. Moreover, if we employed critical thinking and chose the decision that pertains to more benefit, we would ultimately conclude that we made a good decision. In the Asian disease case scenario, more people were drawn to project A and not B and, conversely, project D and C in the second framed presentation. Even though project B pertained to more benefits, people still chose Project B. The outcome of a decision can ultimately measure its success. Decisions that have positive potential consequences are considered more successful than those that result in adverse effects.

This weeks topic is framing and reversal of preferences. Depending upon how a problem is framed our preferences will be very different. Understanding framing can help us influence others as well. Much of the work discussed this week was done by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, both of whom we have discussed previously. The frame could be one you are using now, one you are considering adopting, or the frame of someone you must communicate with.

Are there any metaphors that can be used to think about this issue?* Answer this question only according to the above paragraph!