From textbook Principles of Managerial Finance 16th Edition. Chapter 14: Integrative case 6.
11.Chapter 14 - Case Study/ Article Review INTEGRATIVE CASE 6: O'Grady Apparel Company The O'Grady Apparel Company was founded 165 years ago when an immigrant named Garrett O'Grady landed in Los Angeles with a load of heavy canvas, which he hoped to sell for tents and wagon covers to miners headed for the Califor- nia goldfields. Instead, he turned to the sale of harder-wearing clothing. Today, O'Grady Apparel Company is a small manufacturer of fabrics and cloth- ing whose stock is traded in the OTC market. In 2021, the Los Angeles-based com- pany experienced sharp increases in both domestic and European markets, resulting in record earnings. Sales rose from $15.9 million in 2020 to $18.3 million in 2021, with earnings per share of $3.28 and $3.84, respectively. European sales represented 29% of total sales in 2021, up from 24% the year before and only 3% in 2019, one year after foreign operations were launched. Although foreign sales represent nearly one-third of total sales, the growth in the domestic market is expected to affect the company most markedly. Management expects sales to surpass $21 million in 2022, and earnings per share are expected to rise to $4.40. (Selected income statement items are presented in Table 1.) Because of the recent growth, Margaret Jennings, the corporate treasurer, is concerned that available funds are not being used to their fullest potential. The pro-jected $1,300,000 of internally generated 2022 funds is expected to be insufficient to meet the company's expansion needs. Management has set a policy of maintain- ing the current capital structure proportions of 25% long-term debt, 10% preferred stock, and 65% common stock equity for at least the next three years. In addition, it plans to continue paying out 40% of its earnings as dividends. Total capital expendi- tures are yet to be determined. Jennings has been presented with several competing investment opportunities by division and product managers. However, because funds are limited, choices of which projects to accept must be made. A list of investment opportunities is shown in Table 2. To analyze the effect of the increased financing requirements on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), Jennings contacted a leading investment banking firm that provided the financing cost data given in Table 3. O'Grady is in the 21% tax bracket. TABLE 1 Selected Income Statement Items Net sales Net profits after taxes Earnings per share (EPS) Dividends per share Investment opportunity TABLE 2 Investment Opportunities Internal rate of return (IRR) A B B C D 2020 2021 2019 $13,860,000 $15,940,000 $18,330,000 $1,520,000 $1,750,000 $2,020,000 $2.88 $1.15 E F G 13% 11 16 19 10 14 $3.28 $1.31 9 Initial investment $400,000 200,000 700,000 500,000 300,000 600,000 500,000 $3.84 $1.54 TABLE 3 Financing Cost Data Long-term debt: The firm can raise $700,000 of additional deb: by selling 10-year, $1,000, 6% annual interest rate bonds to net $970 after flocation costs. Any debt in excess of $700,000 will have a before-tax cost, ra, of 9%. Preferred stock: Preferred stock, regardless of the amount sold, can be issued with a $60 par value and a 8% annual dividend rate. It will net $57 per share after flotation custs. Common stock equity: The firm expects its dividends and earnings to grow at a constant rate of 10% per year. The firm's stock is currently selling for $20 per share. The firm ex- pects to have $1,300,000 of available retained carnings. Once the retained camnings have been exhausted, the firm can raise additional funds by selling new common stack, netting $16 per share after underpricing and flotation costs. Projected 2022 $21,080,000 $2,323,000 $4.40 $1.76 I TO DO a. Over the relevant ranges noted in the following table, calculate the after-tax cost of each source of financing needed to complete the table Source of capital Long-term debt Preferred stock Common stock equity Range of new financing $0-$700,000 $700,000 and above $0 and above $0-$1,300,000 $1,300,000 and above After-tax cost (%) b. (1) Determine the break point associated with common equity. A break point represents the total amount of financing that the firm can raise before it trig- gers an increase in the cost of a particular financing source. For example, O'Grady plans to use 25% long-term debt in its capital structure. So, for ev- ery $1 in debt that the firm uses, it will use $3 from other financing sources (total financing is then $4, and because $1 comes from long-term debt, its share in the total is the desired 25%). From Table 3, we see that after the firm raises $700,000 in long-term debt, the cost of this financing source begins to rise. Therefore, the firm can raise total capital of $2.8 million before the cost of debt will rise ($700,000 in debt plus $2.1 million in other sources to main- tain the 25% proportion for debt), and $2.8 million is the break point for debt. If the firm wants to maintain a capital structure with 25% long-term debt and it also wants to raise more than $2.8 million in total financing, it will require more than $700,000 in long-term debt, and it will trigger the higher cost of the additional debt it issues beyond $700,000. c. (1) Sort the investment opportunities described in Table 2 from highest to lowest return, and plot a line on the graph you drew in part (3) above, showing how much money is required to fund the investments, starting with the highest return and going to the lowest. In other words, this line will plot the relation- ship between the IRR on the firm's investments and the total financing required to undertake those investments. d. (1) Assuming that the specific financing costs do not change, what effect would a shift to a more highly leveraged capital structure consisting of 50% long-term debt, 10% preferred stock, and 40% common stock have on your pre- vious findings? (Note: Rework parts b and c using these capital structure weights.) e. (1) What type of dividend policy does the firm appear to employ? Does it seem appropriate given the firm's recent growth in sales and profits and given its current investment opportunities? (2) Using the break points developed in part (1), determine each of the ranges of total new financing over which the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) remains constant. (3) Calculate the weighted average cost of capital for each range of total new financing. Draw a graph with the WACC on the vertical axis and total money raised on the horizontal axis, and show how the firm's WACC increases in "steps" as the amount of money raised increases. (2) Which, if any, of the available investments would you recommend that the firm accept? Explain your answer. (2) Which capital structure-the original one or this one-seems better? Why? (2) Would you recommend an alternative dividend policy? Explain. How would this policy affect the investments recommended in part c(2)? 11.Chapter 14 - Case Study/ Article Review INTEGRATIVE CASE 6: O'Grady Apparel Company The O'Grady Apparel Company was founded 165 years ago when an immigrant named Garrett O'Grady landed in Los Angeles with a load of heavy canvas, which he hoped to sell for tents and wagon covers to miners headed for the Califor- nia goldfields. Instead, he turned to the sale of harder-wearing clothing. Today, O'Grady Apparel Company is a small manufacturer of fabrics and cloth- ing whose stock is traded in the OTC market. In 2021, the Los Angeles-based com- pany experienced sharp increases in both domestic and European markets, resulting in record earnings. Sales rose from $15.9 million in 2020 to $18.3 million in 2021, with earnings per share of $3.28 and $3.84, respectively. European sales represented 29% of total sales in 2021, up from 24% the year before and only 3% in 2019, one year after foreign operations were launched. Although foreign sales represent nearly one-third of total sales, the growth in the domestic market is expected to affect the company most markedly. Management expects sales to surpass $21 million in 2022, and earnings per share are expected to rise to $4.40. (Selected income statement items are presented in Table 1.) Because of the recent growth, Margaret Jennings, the corporate treasurer, is concerned that available funds are not being used to their fullest potential. The pro-jected $1,300,000 of internally generated 2022 funds is expected to be insufficient to meet the company's expansion needs. Management has set a policy of maintain- ing the current capital structure proportions of 25% long-term debt, 10% preferred stock, and 65% common stock equity for at least the next three years. In addition, it plans to continue paying out 40% of its earnings as dividends. Total capital expendi- tures are yet to be determined. Jennings has been presented with several competing investment opportunities by division and product managers. However, because funds are limited, choices of which projects to accept must be made. A list of investment opportunities is shown in Table 2. To analyze the effect of the increased financing requirements on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), Jennings contacted a leading investment banking firm that provided the financing cost data given in Table 3. O'Grady is in the 21% tax bracket. TABLE 1 Selected Income Statement Items Net sales Net profits after taxes Earnings per share (EPS) Dividends per share Investment opportunity TABLE 2 Investment Opportunities Internal rate of return (IRR) A B B C D 2020 2021 2019 $13,860,000 $15,940,000 $18,330,000 $1,520,000 $1,750,000 $2,020,000 $2.88 $1.15 E F G 13% 11 16 19 10 14 $3.28 $1.31 9 Initial investment $400,000 200,000 700,000 500,000 300,000 600,000 500,000 $3.84 $1.54 TABLE 3 Financing Cost Data Long-term debt: The firm can raise $700,000 of additional deb: by selling 10-year, $1,000, 6% annual interest rate bonds to net $970 after flocation costs. Any debt in excess of $700,000 will have a before-tax cost, ra, of 9%. Preferred stock: Preferred stock, regardless of the amount sold, can be issued with a $60 par value and a 8% annual dividend rate. It will net $57 per share after flotation custs. Common stock equity: The firm expects its dividends and earnings to grow at a constant rate of 10% per year. The firm's stock is currently selling for $20 per share. The firm ex- pects to have $1,300,000 of available retained carnings. Once the retained camnings have been exhausted, the firm can raise additional funds by selling new common stack, netting $16 per share after underpricing and flotation costs. Projected 2022 $21,080,000 $2,323,000 $4.40 $1.76 I TO DO a. Over the relevant ranges noted in the following table, calculate the after-tax cost of each source of financing needed to complete the table Source of capital Long-term debt Preferred stock Common stock equity Range of new financing $0-$700,000 $700,000 and above $0 and above $0-$1,300,000 $1,300,000 and above After-tax cost (%) b. (1) Determine the break point associated with common equity. A break point represents the total amount of financing that the firm can raise before it trig- gers an increase in the cost of a particular financing source. For example, O'Grady plans to use 25% long-term debt in its capital structure. So, for ev- ery $1 in debt that the firm uses, it will use $3 from other financing sources (total financing is then $4, and because $1 comes from long-term debt, its share in the total is the desired 25%). From Table 3, we see that after the firm raises $700,000 in long-term debt, the cost of this financing source begins to rise. Therefore, the firm can raise total capital of $2.8 million before the cost of debt will rise ($700,000 in debt plus $2.1 million in other sources to main- tain the 25% proportion for debt), and $2.8 million is the break point for debt. If the firm wants to maintain a capital structure with 25% long-term debt and it also wants to raise more than $2.8 million in total financing, it will require more than $700,000 in long-term debt, and it will trigger the higher cost of the additional debt it issues beyond $700,000. c. (1) Sort the investment opportunities described in Table 2 from highest to lowest return, and plot a line on the graph you drew in part (3) above, showing how much money is required to fund the investments, starting with the highest return and going to the lowest. In other words, this line will plot the relation- ship between the IRR on the firm's investments and the total financing required to undertake those investments. d. (1) Assuming that the specific financing costs do not change, what effect would a shift to a more highly leveraged capital structure consisting of 50% long-term debt, 10% preferred stock, and 40% common stock have on your pre- vious findings? (Note: Rework parts b and c using these capital structure weights.) e. (1) What type of dividend policy does the firm appear to employ? Does it seem appropriate given the firm's recent growth in sales and profits and given its current investment opportunities? (2) Using the break points developed in part (1), determine each of the ranges of total new financing over which the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) remains constant. (3) Calculate the weighted average cost of capital for each range of total new financing. Draw a graph with the WACC on the vertical axis and total money raised on the horizontal axis, and show how the firm's WACC increases in "steps" as the amount of money raised increases. (2) Which, if any, of the available investments would you recommend that the firm accept? Explain your answer. (2) Which capital structure-the original one or this one-seems better? Why? (2) Would you recommend an alternative dividend policy? Explain. How would this policy affect the investments recommended in part c(2)
