Given a 1 MB cache, 512 bit block size, mapping a 32-bit address space, calculate the amount of extra memory, in bytes, required to implement the cache. Consider the tag, valid, and dirty bits that must be stored within each cache block.

1. For a direct mapped cache

2. For a 2-way set associative cache

3. For a 4-way set associative cache

4. For an 8-way set associative cache

5. For a fully associative cache