Given the Innovation Resistance Theory Model below:

Null hypothesis H₁: The usage barriers are positively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Alternative hypothesis H₂: The value barriers are negatively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Null hypothesis H₃: The value barriers are positively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Alternative hypothesis H₄: The risk barriers are negatively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Null hypothesis H₅: The risk barriers are positively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Alternative hypothesis H₆: The traditional barriers are negatively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Null hypothesis H₇: The traditional barriers are positively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Alternative hypothesis H₈: The usage barriers are negatively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Null hypothesis H₉: The image barriers are positively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Alternative hypothesis H₁₀: The image barriers are negatively related to the willingness of supermarkets to use logistics 4.0 technologies and tools.

Develop the hypothetical model (e.g. control variables, mediators and moderators) and measurement items to assess the potential barriers.