Global Climate vs Weather Change Students Name Institutional Affiliation Course Code Date of Submission Global Climate vs Weather Change The science of climate change is more solid and widely agreed upon than several anticipations that are in the public domain. Climate change is regularly anticipated has predictions made by sophisticated computer models but the scientific modes have come up with more wide aspects regarding climate change which according to several studies have been proven accurate. For several years scientific studies have examined and analyzed the basic physics to come up with a reason as to why carbon dioxide results to warming (Lindsey & Dahlman, 2020). Emissions from greenhouses make up just a small fraction of the atmosphere but have resulted to a situation thats is almost out of control on the Earths climate. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution global temperatures have gone up by 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit with several changes taking place in the late 20^th century. This has resulted to the increase of temperatures in land areas exceeding the sea surface and an extreme warming of Arctic to more than 4 degrees Fahrenheit since the 1960s (Huang et al., 2017). Global warming has also led to an extreme shift in temperatures with the United States recording the highest level of temperatures compared to other regions around the world. Various scientific studies have also revealed that climate change is taking place given the effects the world is experiencing. These effects include; shrinking of ice sheets and glaciers with seal levels increasing and the disappearance of arctic sea ice. The second effect is the quick melting of snow and plants flowering earlier (Huang et al., 2017). Thirdly, is the migration of animals to higher elevations and latitudes to find cooler conditions and finally is the prolonged dry seasons, floods and wildfires which have become extreme in several corners around the world. Scientific agreement regarding climate change began in the late 1980s, resulting from an extreme increase of human-caused warming above natural climate variability. To compute the average temperatures globally, scientists started with the measurements of temperatures obtained from various regions around the world. With their main objective being to identify the changes in temperature, the measurements absolute temperatures readings were converted to temperature anomalies. Several researchers around the world carried out their own analysis and they all revealed the same upward trends as shown below; 

Past and Future change in global temperature Despite warming varying across different regions around the world, the upward trend revealed by several studies shows that more regions are warming than cooling. According to annual report released by NOAAs in 2021 there has been a significant increase of land and ocean temperatures at an average of 0.08 degrees Celsius per decade since 1880. These studies have however revealed that there has been a more than twice increase of temperatures since 1981.Future warmings levels relies on the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emissions (Menne et al., 2018). Currently industrial activities which involves burning fossil fuels and deforestation results to an additional of about 11 billion metric tons of carbon to the atmosphere annually. Since this carbon emissions are more and they cannot be removed by natural processes, atmospheric carbon dioxide is anticipated to increase annually. According to the report released by the United States Climate Science Special Report in 2017, if annual emissions continue to increase significantly as seen since 2000, global temperatures will increase up to 5 degrees by the end of this century (Menne et al., 2018). If there will be a slow increase in annual emissions and begin to decrease rapidly by 2050, studies reveal that temperatures will still be projected to be 2.4 degrees warmer compared to the first half of the 20^th century and probably up to 5.9 degrees warmer. 

GTemperature in 2021 Based on the report released by NOAA scientists, 2021 global surface temperatures was the sixth highest since 1880 when record keeping started. In another analysis released by NASA just like 2018, 2021 was the sixth-warmest year on record. NASA analysis also reveals that the 2021 December temperatures recordings tied with 2016 as the fifth highest since 1880. The average of global temperatures across regions was 0.84 degrees Celsius above the recorded average of the 20^th century. This recordings were the sixth highest among all the recordings of the period 1880 and 2021. 2021 marks the 45^th consecutive years since 1977 with higher global temperatures above the 20^th century. 2021 started with the midst of a cold phase El Nino Southern Oscillation across the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean which began in August 2020. The Lan Nina phase involves slight cool world temperatures while ENSO phase tends to boost temperatures. In addition the years Norther Hemisphere temperature surface was at 1.96 degrees Celsius which is the 6^th highest in the 142-year record. The 2021 record of high temperatures over land surfaces were obtained across various regions including; Africa, Southern Asia and Southern America while record-high sea surface temperatures were revealed across regions of The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Based on various regions the yearly average temperature departure in Africa was similar as the one observed in 2019 as the third highest to be recorded behind 2010 and 2016. Other regions like North America, South America, Europe and Asia recorded the highest annual temperatures that was ranked to be among the nine warmest. The Oceania region revealed an above-average annual temperature with 2021 being the coolest year in the region since 2012. 

2021 Snow and Sea Ice Information Based on the data analyzed by NOAA the 2021 average ice cover for the Northern Hemisphere was 9.39 million square miles. NOAA further reveals that this was the seventh-smallest annual snow cover being recorded between the period 1967 and 2021. Apart from December and September months all months in 2021 recorded small artistic sea ice extent. The average monthly data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center the average annual sea extent in the Arctic was approximated to be 4.08 million square miles revealing the smallest annual average for the period 1979 and 2021 (Eckstein et al., 2021). The records further reveals that the annual Antarctic Sea ice extent record was 4.42 million square miles which is merely below average. Three months which are March, July and August hand a higher extent that was ranked among the 10 largest. According to various studies the significant changes in snow and ice cover have resulted to several impacts on Earth system processes and phenomena. These changes include; Firstly an increase or decrease in the amount of sunlight absorbed by various regions of the surface affecting climate including regional temperatures and precipitation patterns. A decrease in snow and ice cover reduces the reflection of sunlight from the surface of the Earth hence resulting to a significant increase in the amount of light absorbed by the water and land which in return leads to an increase in regional temperatures. Secondly, changes in snow and ice cover results to a change in global sea level. This in return has led to the melting of ice on land resulting an increase in sea level while decreasing the amount of ice on land. For example, previously ice age sea level was almost 400 feet lower that it is currently. This may also result to changes in the extent of floating sea level however it has no impact on seal level. Thirdly, changes in snow an ice affect the availability of freshwater (Eckstein et al., 2021). The melting of snowpack promotes the provision of water to several ecosystems and societies during dry months hence a decrease in snowpack and disappearance will result to a decrease in the supply of water. Finally changes in snow and ice covers have a direct impact to the survival conditions needed by organisms and animals for transition between stages. In addition when melting takes place earlier in the season it affects the flowering stage of animals causing them to flower earlier before their pollinators move to areas where they are. 

2021 Global Tropical Cyclones Data from the Menne et al., (2018) reveals that there was an above-average global tropical cyclone activity with the globe experiencing a total of 94 named storms. This data is the same with the 1994 data and the 10^th highest in the 41 year record. Despite the highest number of named storms there was a lowest number of global hurricane of hurricane with the record showing only 37 hurricane-strength tropical cyclones. On regional database the North Atlantic had only 21 named storms with the East North Pacific having an above-average number of storms and West Pacific having below average. The remaining basins had experienced nearly average basins. According to the research conducted by Scientific BriefReview following several climatic changes several tropical cyclone-prone areas are anticipated to experience storm systems of greater intensity in the coming years. Climatical change influence on tropical cyclones is becoming extremely difficult to separate from natural variability. Various trends observed in these regions are basically qualitatively consistent with anticipations from a warming climate. Further observations reveal that the intensity of tropical cyclones have increased around the world since 1980 with the North Atlantic regions experiencing powerful intensity (Lindsey & Dahlman, 2020). For example the 2020 hurricane season in the North Atlantic recorded a high number of named storms and high number of intense hurricanes. Factors that have influenced the rise in intensity of tropical-cyclone are El Nino and La Nina activities and an increase in air pollution that has resulted to local cooling or warming trends over the decades. The growing effects of climate change are significantly increasing with further projections revealing that if the world continues to experience warming in the coming years there will be a larger category of 4 and 5 tropical cyclones which may result to more damaging wind speeds and extreme rainfall (Eckstein et al., 2021). Some regions are also anticipated to experience a rapid increase in tropical cyclones and a slow movement in other regions resulting to extreme rainfalls in localized regions. In conclusion the increasing global average temperature is linked with a significant increase in weather patterns. Various studies revealed that extreme weather activities including heat waves and large storms are anticipated to become extremely frequent or more extreme with human-induced climate changes. As seen above a continues change in climate has both direct and indirect impacts to the society in several ways (Lindsey & Dahlman, 2020). The unusual hot or cold temperatures currently being experienced in various parts of the world can result to an extended extreme weather events like summer heat waves or winter cold spells. A record of temperatures, heat waves and cold spells are part of the daily weather variations and as the worlds climate warms heat waves are anticipated to continue increasing and becoming more intense In addition cold spells are anticipated to decline in some regions with some scientists suggesting that minimum temperatures that are experienced at the night are expected to become warmer at an increasing rate than daily maximum temperatures.