Governments often adopt certain policies in order to promote desired behaviour among their citizens. For each of the following policies, determine what the incentive is and what behaviour the government wishes to promote. In each case, why do you think that the government might wish to change people's behaviour, rather than allow their actions to be solely determined by individual choice? a. A tax of $5 per pack is imposed on cigarettes.

b. The government pays parents $100 when their child is vaccinated for measles. c. The government pays college and university students to tutor children from low- income families. d. The government imposes a tax on the amount of air pollution that a company discharges.

Describe some of the opportunity costs when you decide to do the following. a. Attend college or university instead of taking a job b. Watch a movie instead of studying for an exam c. Ride the bus instead of driving your car