GSCOs have the following characteristics: a. They have discovered and mobilized innovative social-organizational architectures that make possible human cooperation across previously polarizing or arbitrarily constraining boundaries. b. They hold values of empowerment, or people-centered forms of action, in the accomplishment of their global change mission, emphasizing the central role of people as both means and ends in any development process. c. They are multiorganizational and often cross-sectorial. d. All of the above