Guilt in decision-making. An experiment investigated the effect of guilt emotion on decision-making. A total of 155 volunteer male college students between the ages of 18 and 24 participated in the experiment, where each was randomly assigned to one of three emotional states (guilt, anger, or neutral) that was created through a reading/writing task. Immediately after the task, the students were presented with a decision problem (e.g., whether or not to spend money on repairing a very old car). The researchers found that a higher proportion of students in the 'guilty' group chose NOT to repair the car than those in the 'neutral' and 'anger' groups.

1. Experimental subjects?__________________________________________________________________

2. Factor(s)? ____________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the response variable(s)? __________________________________________________________

4. Name one possible confounding variable that was controlled. ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Is it possible to conclude a causal effect from this study? _______________________________________