Gull Corporation, a cash method, calendar year C corporation, was formed and began business on November 1, 2016. Gull incurred the following expenses during its first year of operations (November 1, 2016December 31, 2016):

Expenses of temporary directors and organizational meetings $21,000

Fee paid to state of incorporation 3,000

Expenses for printing and sale of stock certificates 11,000

Legal services for drafting the corporate charter and bylaws 19,000

(not paid until January 2017)

a. Assuming that Gull Corporation elects under 248 to expense and amortize organizational expenditures, what amount may be deducted in 2016?

b. Assume the same facts as above, except that the amount paid for the legal services was $28,000 (instead of $19,000). What amount may be deducted as organizational expenditures in 2016?