Gustavo likes using the self$-$checkout aisle at Walmart to save time, but he is often frustrated when a product's universal product code is not recognized by the scanning system. Then, a customer service agent must assist him to lookup the product's price, and it takes longer than necessary to complete Gustavo's purchase. Which of the following is true regarding the use of universal product codes $($UPC$)?$

Universal product codes were first introduced in the $1990$s with the advent of computer technology use in grocery stores.

Universal product codes enable retailers to collect information about consumer purchases as part of scanner$-$based research.

Retailers often utilize proprietary labels that are placed on products instead of the universal product codes to better keep track of inventory.

The use of universal product codes can hinder retailers in accurately preparing records of consumer purchases.