Halcyon Lines is considering the purchase of a new bulk carrier for $8.3 million. The forecasted revenues are $5.3 million a year and operating costs are $4.3 million. A major refit costing $2.3 million will be required after both the fifth and tenth years. After 15 years, the ship is expected to be sold for scrap at $1.8 million.

1. What is the NPV if the opportunity cost of capital is 12%?