Hello, can i get some help with this reading please. can i please have a summary from this reading. just one paragraph please. just connecting what each paragraph is talking about and summarize it all to one paragraph. thank you!

Frugal Innoval I Innovation - a Global Phe .ving h READ involves two crucial and e ever considered to be the creation of nes or ally cons invend innovanovel contexts or applications, wo the recruitment and refin of new fnehew existing ideas and processes in no ideas ideas invention is comparatively rare, t scientists, engineers, and better, and faster technology, fuel efforts in in oand for innovation is cons the demand for in busir oel efforts in research and businesses, in a never-ending search nstant, for newer, development devlew res ontized nations, t economists argue the return on this e place in fully industrialized nations, tonmen, me This trend m See Figure 4.6.) perhaps, should be. Figure 4.6 R&D Expenditures 2013 (in billion s00 investment is not what it could, and 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 United China Japan Germany South United India Russia Brazil Canada States Korea Kingdom Source: Batelle be about to change, with a significant amount of innovation expected to come from other parts of the world, where the context for innovation is very different than in industrialized countries like the United States and Japan. Innovation experts like Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Renault-Nissan, say th e time has come for a dynamic new perspective on science and engi- neerin g; the time is ripe for frugal innovation. Frugal innovation is already chuanxin practiced all over the world under many different names: zizhu in Mandarin, jua kali in S wahili, Systeme D in French, and gambiarra in an Portuguese, but the phenomenon is probably best known by ins indi am name: uity to the solution of a local problem in a way that is and human and onriate for that context. Proponents of frugal innovation mai rop that a highl ote lns the onis ighly structured, top-down2, and often, expensive approach to ation cannot solve all of the world's complex problems, especially that plague the developing world. They believe that the principles of hose how the best path for innovation in a diverse and changing global vironment (Radjou et al., 2012). environmen Il. Opportunity in Adversity Frugal inno vation is based on a set of principles, the most important of which is to treat adversity and scarcity not just as challenges to be over- come, but as opportunities, indeed, as the inspiration for innovation. Clean water provides one good example of this. About 780 million people in the world live without access to clean water. About 3.4 million people die every year from water-related illness, many of them babies and young children, who are particularly susceptible to these diseases. Most water purification systems require electricity, yet a substantial number of communities with no source of clean water also have no access to reliable power. The Tata Group in India has met this challenge with a water filter that kills about 80 percent of waterborne bacteria in 792.5 gallons (3000 liters) of water yet costs only about U.S. $16. This is far cheaper than the electricity that would be needed to boil and sterilize the water. The filter offers the additional advantage that it is made from a common waste product in India - the burned husks of rice. ovation develops not only in powerful begin on a small scale as oft . A of students in Peru have come up with a shortage in their city, Lima. The students like those in air conditioners, inside skyline. air turns into water, which Frugal ike Tata; fruga me up with a different solution to the roup water have erected condensers, m de a billboard that stands above the the vapor in much e the city then flows into a tank below. Advert on the billboard pay for installation and other energy costsvert scale, bottom-up project, addressing a local problem b solution. Although it is not yet clear if it could be scaled u even national level, it is an exemplary model of jugaad. When air comes in contact with the conde is a small- providing a local to a regional or ng a local pro III. Reuse, Recycle, Repurpose To do m already source, giving them no impetus to innovate beyond it. philosophy. The goal is to use available materials and technology that to what has been called leapfrog technology in some parts of the world. In developed countries, engineers can assume access to a reliable power ore with less is another fundamental principle of the jugaad exist and to use them in innovative ways, a mindset that has led In contrast, many communities in developing countries are not on a power grid', motivatin engineers and planners to think creatively. One asset that has been widely ; then embraced by jugaad thinkers is a technology many such communities do have access to: a robust mobile phone network. Innovators have used this network to bring information, education, and even banking service to rural areas. There are no ATMs or debit cardss in such communities, but a mobile phone and a portable fingerprint scanner allow people in remote villages to withdraw money at small shops that serve as mobile banks. This type of innovation demonstrates the application of leapfrog technology, but there are also jugaad efforts that utilize almost no new technology, requiring instead only the simplest of materials. One famous example of this lower-tech jugaad thinking is the Liter of Light, pioneered in Brazil and popularized in the Philippines. A one-liter plastic bottle o water installed in the roof refracts sunlight, bringing as much illumin as a 50-watt bulb but with no need for electricity. ation WILll TIO ation but as a 50-watt bulb to be flexible and adapt their ideas as the Chisthc IV. Be Flexible Frugal innovators need 5 Many of the customers at Haier, a huge Chinese com text requires that manufactures consumer products like washing machines, are stany billboard: a very large sign with an advertisement at the side of the road or abov building 4power grid: the network of electricity wires that debit card: a small plastic card that allows people to withdraw and pa connect power stations ertips their bank account fingerprint scanner: a device that takes images of the patterns on peoples fin UNIT 4 One such customer, a farmer, complained that his new machine The repairman who responded to his complaint buyers. stopped functioning. discovered that the farmer had not been washing clothes; instead, he had been washing potatoes from his fields and, as a result, the dirt was clogging the pipes. The repairman fixed the machine, but Haier also responded to the broader need. It turned out that thousands of farmers were using their washing machines in the same way, so Haier developed a machine with bigger pipes that doesn't just wash potatoes; it peels them as well tiem as well. biggel the Needs of the User in Mind rahalad, an author and business pro- of the pyramid." Products with affluent consumers tenokever, there are also 4 to 5 billion .sed engineers and business leaders the ider the "bottom are often designed urged fessor, u und the world with low incomes OU READ ad to find s of leapfrog nsigh aspirations. Their combined spendirn but is enormous, so paying attention to their Pous can be profitable. The Nokia 1100 mobile neds which the journal Foreign Policy called pnot important phone on the planet, pro- consumers arou the mos ample evidence of this concept. The Nokia calls and texts, but that is exactly what arket demands. In addition, the phone is 1100 is not a smartphone; it can only make and receive this m WHILE YOU READ Which definition of moisture and dust resistant and includes a light in the event of power outages, but perhaps most important, it costs only about U.S. $20. It is the best-selling phone of all time, having passed the demands matches t meaning in this ses a) Ask for in a ver strong, forceful The proponents of jugaad innovation are quick to acknowledge that this approach alone will not solve the world's most pressing problems, but it is an important tool, particularly in a climate of scarce resources. 250 million mark in 2013. , WHILE YOU Go back a Reading text org