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Numbers are often assigned to data that are categorical in nature. (a) Consider these number assignments for category items describing electronic ways of expressing personal opinions. 1 = Twitter; 2 = email; 3 = text message; 4 = Facebook; 5 = blog Are these numerical assignments at the ordinal data level or higher? Explain. ' ' Yes, they are interval data as we can order this data and the differences between data values are important. No, they are at the nominal level as there is no apparent ordering in the responses. \" Yes, they are ratio data as we can order this data, take the differences and nd ratios between the data values. ' * Yes, they are at the ordinal level as we can order the data and compare the data values to each other: (b) Consider these number assignments for category items describing usefulness of customer service. 1 = not helpful; 2 = somewhat helpful; 3 = very helpful; 4 = extremely helpful Are these numerical assignments at the ordinal data level? Explain. ' ' No, the data can be put into categories, but a comparison between values means nothing. Yes, the data has an ordering to its categories. No, the data has an ordering, the differences are important and we can nd ratios between data values. ' * No, the data has an ordering, and the differences between data values are important. Yes, this data can be put into categories and order doesn't matter. What about at the interval level or higher? Explain. Yes, the data has an ordering, and the differences between data values are important. Yes, the data has an ordering, the differences are important and we can find ratios between data values. ' ' No, while the data has an ordering to its categories, comparing them to each other is meaningless. No, while the data can be put into categories, order doesn't matter. No, while the data has an ordering, and the data can be compared to each other, the differences don't mean anything. Explain the difference between a stratied sample and a cluster sample. (Select all that apply.) a In a stratied sample, the clusters to be included are selected at random and then all members of each selected cluster are included. i In a cluster sample, the clusters to be included are selected at random and then all members of each selected cluster are included. ' In a stratied sample, the only samples possible are those including every kth item from the random starting position. * In a stratied sample, random samples from each strata are included. K In a cluster sample, random samples from each strata are included. i In a cluster sample, the only samples possible are those including every kth item from the random starting position. ' In a cluster sample, every sample of size n has an equal chance of being included. * In a stratied sample, every sample of size n has an equal chance of being included. Consider a completely randomized experiment in which a control group is given a placebo for congestion relief and a treatment group is given a new drug for congestion relief. Describe a double-blind procedure for this experiment. Neither the patients nor those administering the treatments know which patients received which treatments. " The patients do not know which treatment the other patients received. Those administering the treatments do not know which patients received which treatments. The patients do not know which treatment they received. What are some benefits of such a procedure? (Select all that apply.) This process should eliminate potential bias from the patients' families. This process should eliminate potential bias from patient psychology regarding benets of the drug. T This process should eliminate potential bias from the researchers. T This process should eliminate potential bias from the treatment administrators. Which technique for gathering data (sampling, experiment, simulation, or census) do you think was used in the following studies? (a) An analysis of a sample of 31,000 patients from New York hospitals suggests that the poor and the elderly sue for malpractice at one-fifth the rate of wealthier patients. (Journal of the American Medical Association). sampling / \\ experiment ' simulation census (b) The effects of wind shear on airplanes during both landing and takeoff were studied by using complex computer programs that mimic actual ight. sampling experiment ' simulation \\ census (c) A study of all league football scores attained through touchdowns and field goals was conducted by the National Football League to determine whether eld goals account for more scoring events than touchdowns (USA Today). ' sampling experiment / \\ simulation \\ census (d) An Australian study included 588 men and women who already had some precancerous skin lesions. Half got skin cream containing a sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 17; half got an inactive cream. After 7 months, those using the sunscreen with the sun protection had fewer precancerous skin lesions (New England Journal of Medicine). ' sampling experiment '\\ simulation \\ census