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Regressive, Proportional, and Progressive Taxes: What's the Difference?

Regressive, Proportional and Progressive Taxes: An Overview

Tax systems in the U.S. fall into three main categories: Regressive, proportional, and progressive. Two of these systems impact high- and low-income earners differently. Regressive taxes have a greater impact on lower-income individuals than the wealthy.

Proportional tax, also referred to as a flat tax, affects low-, middle-, and high-income earners relatively equally. They all pay the same tax rate, regardless of income. A progressive tax has more of a financial impact on higher-income individuals than on low-income earners.

Regressive Taxes

Low-income individuals pay a higher amount of taxes compared to high-income earners under a regressive tax system. That's because the government assesses tax as a percentage of the value of the asset that a taxpayer purchases or owns. This type of tax has no correlation with an individual's earnings or income level.1

Regressive taxes include property taxes, sales taxes on goods, and excise taxes on consumables, such as gasoline or airfare. Excise taxes are fixed and they're included in the price of the product or service.

Proportional Taxes

A proportional or flat tax system assesses the same tax rate on everyone regardless of income or wealth. This system is meant to create equality between marginal tax rates and average tax rates paid. Nine states use this income tax system as of 2020: Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Utah.4

Other examples of proportional taxes include per capita taxes, gross receipts taxes, and occupational taxes.5

Proponents of proportional taxes believe they stimulate the economy by encouraging people to work more because there is no tax penalty for earning more. They also believe that businesses are likely to spend and invest more under a flat tax system, putting more dollars into the economy.

Progressive Taxes

Taxes assessed under a progressive system are based on the taxable amount of an individual's income. They follow an accelerating schedule, so high-income earners pay more than low-income earners. Tax rate, along with tax liability, increases as an individual's wealth increases. The overall outcome is that higher earners pay a higher percentage of taxes and more money in taxes than do lower-income earners.6

This sort of system is meant to affect higher-income people more than low- or middle-class earners to reflect the presumption that they can afford to pay more.

The U.S. federal income tax is a progressive tax system. Its schedule of marginal tax rates imposes a higher income tax rate on people with higher incomes, and a lower income tax rate on people with lower incomes. The percentage rate increases at intervals as taxable income increases. Each dollar the individual earns places him into a bracket or category, resulting in a higher tax rate once the dollar amount hits a new threshold.