Hello I have an economics math equation and have provided the question via image. I need help with Assume that fewer businesses offer new bonds to raise investment funds when government borrowing increases interest rates. This would be an example of:

Assume that fewer businesses offer new bonds to raise investment funds when government borrowing increases interest rates. This would be an example of: O 3. increased consumption. O b. Ricardian equivalence. O c. crowding out. 0 d. overestimating the tax multiplier. 0 e. the balanced-budget multiplier