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NOL PHY 202 Lab - Measuring the Speed of Sound (40 total points) Name Before starting, please scroll through the worksheet to check the page numbers and get all the information. Complete all activities before submitting the lab. Goal: 0 Measure the speed of sound in air using a phone, ear pod, and three toilet paper rolls or two kitchen paper rolls. Instructions Watch the Video, Measurement at Home Challenge: Measuring Sgeed of Sound with Toilet Rolls |Length 3:21 |. Review Measurement at Home: Measuring the Sgeed of Sound Using Toilet Rolls. Here is a summary of the instructions: 1. Place the toilet roll on a at surface with one headphone at the bottom of the tube. 2. Stack two more rolls on top to make a tunnel for the sound and help isolate experimental sound from other noise. 3. Stick some Blue Tack on the cable near the other headphone to make it heavier and keep the cable taut. Search YouTube for '3 kHz test tone' or nd similar elsewhere. 5. Whilst playing the sound, carefully lower the second headphone into the tube as far as it will go. Slowly raise the headphone. Listen carefully. At one point the sound should almost disappear. Make tiny adjustments to nd the quietest point. 6. Mark the cable at the top of the tube with the pen (or Blue Tack). 7. Move the cable up higher to nd the next quietest point, and mark that too. 8. Remove the headphone and measure the distance between the marks in millimeters. This distance is the sound's wavelength. 9. Multiply your frequency by the distance (in mm) divide by 1000 (to convert mm to meters). This is your answer speed of sound in meters per second. 10. You can check by repeating. You could also try other frequencies which will give different wavelengths, but the calculation should give the same speed. (Try 2 kHz and 4 kHz.) :'3- Data Analysis and Abstract (Use Microsoft Excel for the data report and Microsoft Word for the Abstract report) NOL PHY 202 1) Perform the experiment with three different frequencies: 2kHz, 3kHz, and 4kHz. 2) Collect three pictures of your three trials and add them to your spreadsheet report. In the picture, one should see the phone cable and the measuring device marking the distance between the two pen spots. 3) Calculate the speed of sound for each trial and report the data on a table like the sample below. 4) Determine the percent uncertainty on the speed for each trial. See Appendix 1. 5) Take the average of the obtained three values for the speed of sound and as its uncertainty use the larger uncertainty from the individual trials. 6) Write the abstract. See Appendix 2. A B C 'J E K S MeasungthespeadofsoundLah 1' [Hz] h (m) At Alt 'Ya uncertainty onf \"fa uncertainty on 1 speed of sound '36 uncertainty on the speed 2000 3000 4000 Appendix 1. Propagation of error (Method of adding relative uncertainty) How do i include the uncertainty (error) on my speed values? Using propagation of error and calculus we can nd the error on the speed for each trial. We can use a simple rule derived from calculus that says that the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation. (OpenStax). In our measurements we use in the calculations the frequency and the wavelength, the equation will b_e AU All [If 17 A f The quantities marked with the AA or Af are the uncertainties on the measurements of the wavelength and the frequency. For example, if you measure the wavelength to be 16.5 cm with your ruler the uncertainty could be 0.5 cm, giving a percent uncertainty of% = 3%. For the uncertainty on the frequency, you can use 10 Hz, giving a percentage of% = 0.3%. NOL PHY 202 In this example, the speed would be v = if = 0.165 * 3000 = 495 m/s with a 3.3% uncertainty, obtained by adding 3% plus 0.3%. Giving us a final answer as 495 + 16 m/s. Appendix 2. Writing the Abstract Using Microsoft Word (or other software), write the Abstract for this experiment. Tips for Writing a Title and Abstract: See below from the APS (American Physical Society - Tips for Writing a Title and Abstract). The highlighted parts are relevant for your report. "Don't let their small size fool you, titles and scientific abstracts pack a punch! Your title and abstract are a brief summary of a paper or presentation. Often, this is the first chance you have to make an impression on the audience, and the basis for whether they decide to attend your presentation or read your paper. Before you start writing, think about the big picture. What is the relevance of your project? What is the context in which you will present your work? How does your project fit into the broader scope of the meeting or journal you are submitting to? Use the answers to these questions as the framework." Parts of an Abstract Good abstracts include many of the parts of a paper, condensed or simplified to the most essential information: Introduction The goal of the project . . How that goal was met Key results Grading rubric Section 1: The experiment (20 points) 5pt for accurate data collection 3pt for clean table on the google spreadsheet 3pt for correct error calculations . . 3pt for correct average and error on the average 3pt for neatly presenting the average speed and its uncertainty 3pt for adding the three pictures on the spreadsheeto The goal of the project 0 How that goal was met o Key results Grading rubric Section 1: The experiment (20 points) - 5pt for accurate data collection - 3pt for clean table on the google W - 3pt for correct error calculations - 3pt for correct average and error on the average :- 3pt for neatly presenting the average speed and its noneHalon; :- 3pt for adding the three pictures on the spreadsheet. Page 3 of 4 NOL PHY 202 Section 2: The abstract (20 points, no more than one page) - 3pt for a neat presentation of the paper using the google tools on the work [lg - 3pt for writing the introduction about the physics involved in the w - 3pt for describing the goal of the project (What did you want to measure?) - 4pt for describing how the goal was met (How did you perform the experiment?) - 4pt for reporting the nal result about the sound's gm .- 3pt if the abstract is logical, well grg_n_i_29_q and informative