hello, i need help in solving chi-squared analysis. i have attached the document below which has the questions and instructions.
Chi-squared Analysis A chi-squared analysis is a statistical test to determine whether two or more groups are significantly different from one another. Let's say our experiment was to test the preference of Armadillidium for light and dark habitats. Here is an example: A group records 25 observations for the light and 35 observations of the dark. These are the observed values To calculate the chi-squared statistic, we first have to find our expected values. Under the Null hypothesis, we would expect light and dark to be no different, that means we expect to see the same number of organisms in the light and in the dark. If we have 60 organisms, our expected values would be 30 in the light and 30 in the dark. Here is the equation to calculate the chi-squared statistic (where = the sum) 2= (expected)2 For our light and dark example, you would do the following: [(25-30)2/30] + [(35-30)2/30] = 2 NOTE: You DO NOT take the square root of the answer, the symbol \"\" is chi, not (X). In this example, our calculated chi-squared value comes out to be 1.67. Once this value is obtained, it needs to be compared to the critical value obtained from the table (see next page). When trying to find the critical value, first determine your degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom are the number of categorical groups minus one. In our example, we had two groups (light and dark). This means our degrees of freedom will be one. The pvalue (probability value) we use is 0.05 or 5% (this is commonly accepted in science). On the 2 table, find your degree of freedom in the column and your corresponding p-value in the row, this will give you the critical chi-squared value that you will compare to your calculated value. The critical value for our example has been circled. Recall that our calculated value was 1.67. Using the distribution above, we see that with 1 degree of freedom, 1.67 falls between a p-value of 0.25 and 0.10. This means that there is no significant difference between the treatments. Note that at a 95% confidence level (alpha of 0.05) the critical value (3.84) is LARGER than our calculated value (1.67)