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Experiment No. 4 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance and Characteristics of Thermistor II. OBJECTIVES I Find the t mpcraturc coc \"icicnt 0\" resistance of a given coil. ' Explain how the resistances 0: common metallic conductors vary with temperature. ' Plot the characteristics of a thermistor. THEORY I. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance The Wheatstone bridge as seen in Figure l is the setup used to measure the unknown resistance. It consists of four arms known as resistors and the ratio of the two of these resistors is kept at a fixed value. The remaining two arms are balanced, one of them is an unknown resistor while the other resistance of the other arm can be varied. Figure 1: Wheatstone's bridge Carey Foster's bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure the medium value of resistance or resistances which are nearly equal in their value. A Carey foster bridge is principally the same as a meter bridge, which consists of four resistances P, Q, R, and X that are connected as shown in Figure 2. The construction of Carey Foster's bridge circuit is similar to the Wheatstone bridge which consists of four arms in which four resistances are connected. B 1 2 3 4 Figure 2: Construction of Carey Foster Let P and Q be the equal resistances connected in the inner gaps 2 and 3, the standard resistance R is connected in gap 1 and the unknown resistance X is connected in gap 4. Let li be the balancing length ED measured from the end E. By whetstone's principle, R+atlip X + b+(100 -41)p Where, a and b are the end corrections at the ends E and F, and is the resistance per unit length of the bridge wire. If the experiment is repeated with X and R interchanged and if 12 is the balancing length measured from the end E, P . X+ a+ lap Q R + b + (100 - 12)p From equations (1) and (2) X = R + p(l1 - 12) Let 11' and 12' are the balancing lengths when the above experiment is done with a standard resistance r in the place of R and a thick copper strip of zero resistance in place of X From equation (3) , 0 =r+ p(l1' -12") or - 1,' - 12' If X1 and X2 are the resistance of a coil at temperatures t1 C and t2C, the temperature coefficient of resist is given by the equation,X2 X1 a Z X1152 X2t1 Also, i: X0 and Xmo are the resistance of the coil at 0C and 100C, a 2 X100 X0 X0 x 100 II. Characteristics of Thermistor A thermistor is a type of thermally sensitive resistor that changes resistance precisely and predictably in response to small changes in body temperature. Its distinct structure will determine how much its resistance changes. The thermistor exhibits a highly nonlinear charac_eristic o_ resistance vs. temperature. TEMPERATURE PTC thermistors can be used as heating elements in small temperaturecontrolled ovens. NTC thermistors can be used as input surge currentlimiting devices in power supply circuits. input surge current refers to the maximum, instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when first turned on. Thermistors are available in a variety of sizes and shapes; the smallest in size are the beads with a diameter 0: 0.15mm to l.25mm. There are two fundamental ways to change the temperature of the thermistor internally or externally. The temperature of the thermistor can be changed externally by changing the temperature 0; surrounding media and internally by selfheating resulting from a current flowing through the device. The dependence of the resistance on temperature can be approximated by the following equation, R = RoeG'Tio) R is the resistance of the thermistor at the temperature T (in K) R0 is the resistance at a given temperature T0 (in K) B is the material specificconstant III. EQUIPMENT I. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance ' Carey Foster Bridge ' Resistance BOX ' Lead Accumulator ' Jockey ' OneWay Key ' Galvanometer II. Characteristics of Thermistor ' Thermistor ' Thermometer ' Battery ' Gaivanometer I Voitmeter I Plug Key ' Resistance Box IV. PROCEDURE (simulations) I. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance II. Characteristics of Thermistor V. DATA AND RESULTS I. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance 7' 1 _ 2 II. Characteristics of Thermistor Voltage Temp (C) Current, mA Resistance Current, mA VI. CONCLUSIONS VII . QUESTIONS 1. Does the resistance of all substances increase with temperature? Explain . 2. What is the temperature coefficient of resistance, and what are its units? 3. Are the a of a metal conductor and the p of a thermistor the same? Explain. 4. What are the circuit conditions when a Wheatstone bridge is "balanced"? 5. Assuming that f remained constant, what would be the resistance of the thermistor in the experiment as the temperature approached absolute zero? 6. What characteristics of the thermistor make it a flexible temperature transducer? References : 1. vlab . amrita. edu, . (2011) . Temperature Coefficient of Resistance. Retrieved 27 March 2022, from vlab . amrita . edu/index . php?sub=1&brch=192&sim=346&cnt=1 2. vlab . amrita. edu, . (2013) . Characteristics of Thermistor. Retrieved 27 March 2022, from vlab. amrita . edu/?sub=1&brch=282&sim=1511&cnt=1II. Characteristics of Thermistor Voltage Temp ( C) Temp (K) Current, A Resistance Temp ( C) Temp (K) Current, ma 11 1R - IR. B 0.1 25 298 100 35 308 1.4063 -0.0001 -0.78523 7207.20 83 0.07597 0.1 35 308 1.4063 71.10858 45 318 4.00443 -0.0001 -0.83639 8191.94 27 0.08100 0.2 45 318 4.00443 49.45231 55 328 4.89 -0.000095 -0.43730244 4561.23 9374 0.04239 70 0.2 55 328 4.89 40.89979 65 338 13.403 -0.00009 -1.3883 15392.2 6478 0.13473 0.3 65 338 13.403 22.38304 75 348 20.596 -0.00008 -0.98941 11637.8 4783 -0.0960 0.3 75 348 20.596 14.5659 85 358 32.357 -0.000080 -1.04034 12960.9 985 0.10112 8240 0.4 85 358 43.142 9.27170 95 358 69.296 -0.00007 -1.0913 14378.1 32985 0.10617 1232 0.4 95 358 69.296 5.77233 100 373 88.555 -0.0000364 -0.564779 15504.7 921 0.11133 1842 0.4 100 373 88.555 4.51696 25 298 4 -0.000674 7.133149 10571.7 08381 0.11904 5203