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1. STEM experiences for girl's. Over the past several decades, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has promoted girls participation in informal science, technology, engi- neering or mathematics (STEM) programs. What has been the impact of these informal STEM experiences? This was the question of interest in the published study, Cascading Inuences: Iong- Tenn Impacts of Informal STEM Experi- ences for Girls (March, 2013). A sample of 159 young women who recently participated in a STEM program were recruited to complete an on-line survey. 01' these, only 27% felt that participation in the STEM program in creased their interest in science. a. Identify the population of interest to the researchers. b. Identify the sample. c. Use the information in the study to make an inference about the relevant population. 4- Drinking-water quality study. Disasters (Vol. 28, 2004) pub lished a study of the effects of a tropical cyclone on the quality of drinking water on a remote Pacic island. Water samples (size 500 milliliters) were collected approximately 4 weeks after Cyclone Ami hit the island. The following variables were recorded for each water sample. Identify each variable as quantitative or qualitative. a. Town where sample was collected b. Type of water supply (river intake, stream, or borehole) c. Acidic level (pH scale, 1 to 14) d. Thrbidity level (nephalometric turbidity units = NTUs) 6. Temperature (degrees Centigrade) f. Number of fecal coliforms per 100 milliliters 3. Free chlorineresidual (milligrams per liter) h. Presence of hydrogen sulphide (yes or no) Ground motion of earthquakes. In the Joamai of Earth- quake Engineering (Nov. 2004), a team of civil and environmental engineers studied the ground motion char acteristics of 15 earthquakes that occurred around the world. Three (of many) variables measured on each earth- quake were the type of ground motion (short, long, or for- ward directive), earthquake magnitude (Richter scale) and peak ground acceleration (feet per second). One of the goals of the study was to estimate the inelastic spectra of any ground motion cycle. a. Identify the eXperimental units for this study. It). Do the data for the IS earthquakes represent a popular tion or a sample? Explain. 3. Properties of cemented soils. The properties of natural and cemented sandy soils in Cyprus was investigated in the Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment (Vol. 69, 2010). For each of 20 soil specimens, the follow- ing variables were measured. Determine the type, quantita- tive or qualitative, of each variable. a. Sampling method (rotary core, metal tube, or plastic tube) b. Effective stress level (Newtons per meters squared) C. Damping ratio (percentage)