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Here are selected financial details for Alphabet Inc. and Meta Platforms, Inc. for the fiscal year 2023: ($ millions) Alphabet Inc. Meta Platforms, Inc. Net

Here are selected financial details for Alphabet Inc. and Meta Platforms, Inc. for the fiscal year 2023:

($ millions)

Alphabet Inc.

Meta Platforms, Inc.

Net sales

$257,637

$117,927

Cost of sales

105,392

45,372

Gross profit

152,245

72,555

Operating expenses:



Selling, general, and administrative

60,831

29,184

Research and development

31,982

21,605

Operating income

59,432

21,766

Interest and other (income) expense

4,105

1,804

Interest and investment income

(1,306)

(792)

Earnings before provision for income taxes

56,633

20,754

Provision for income taxes

13,583

5,188

Net earnings

$43,050

$15,566

Required: a. Calculate the return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), and return on financial leverage (ROFL) for Alphabet Inc. and Meta Platforms, Inc. Assume a tax rate of 25%. b. Disaggregate the ROA into profit margin (PM) and asset turnover (AT) for both companies. Discuss the primary drivers of their ROA. c. Analyze the trend in research and development (R&D) expenses over the past five years. How does it impact the companies' innovation and market position? d. Evaluate the free cash flow for Alphabet Inc. and Meta Platforms, Inc. over the last three years. What does it indicate about their financial flexibility and growth prospects? e. Compare the selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses as a percentage of sales for Alphabet Inc. and Meta Platforms, Inc. What can be inferred about their operational efficiency?

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