Here is a variable Some people favor the legalization of marijuana, whereas others oppose it Let's say that one explanation, the age explanation, suggests this hypothesis In a comparison of individuals, those who are younger will be more likely to favor legalization than will those who are older A rival explanation, the education explanation, suggests this hypothesis In a comparison of individuals, those who have higher levels of education will be more likely to favor legalization than will those who have lower levels of education For the purposes of this exercise, age will be X, education will be Z, and opinions about the legalization of marijuana will be Y Each variable has only two values age ( younger and older ), education ( low and high ), and legalization opinions ( favor and oppose ) A Suppose that after controlling for education (Z), the relationship between age (X) and legalization opinions (Y) turned out to be spurious Using this chapter's discussion of spuriousness as a guide, write four to five sentences explaining how the Z could produce a spurious relationship between X and Y Sketch a line graph depicting a spurious relationship between X and Y, controlling for Z The vertical axis will show the percentage favoring the legalization of marijuana Invent plausible percentages for the values of Y The horizontal axis will show the two values of age, younger and older There will be two lines inside the graph one for low education and one for high education B Suppose that after controlling for education (Z), the set of relationships between X, Z, and Y turned out to be additive Using this chapter's discussion of additive relationships as a guide, write four to five sentences explaining how this set of relationships would fit an additive pattern Sketch a line graph depicting the additive relationships between X, Z, and Y The vertical axis will show the percentage favoring legalization Just as you did in part A, invent plausible percentages for the values of Y The horizontal axis will show the two values of age There will be two lines inside the graph, one for each value of education

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Here is a variable: Some people favor the legalization of marijuana, whereas others oppose it. Let's say that one explanation, the age explanation, suggests this

Here is a variable: Some people favor the legalization of marijuana, whereas others oppose it. Let's say that one explanation, the "age explanation," suggests this hypothesis: In a comparison of individuals, those who are younger will be more likely to favor legalization than will those who are older. A rival explanation, the "education explanation," suggests this hypothesis: In a comparison of individuals, those who have higher levels of education will be more likely to favor legalization than will those who have lower levels of education. For the purposes of this exercise, age will be X, education will be Z, and opinions about the legalization of marijuana will be Y. Each variable has only two values: age ("younger" and "older"), education ("low" and "high"), and legalization opinions ("favor" and "oppose").

A. Suppose that after controlling for education (Z), the relationship between age (X) and legalization opinions (Y) turned out to be spurious.

Using this chapter's discussion of spuriousness as a guide, write four to five sentences explaining how the Z could produce a spurious relationship between X and Y.
Sketch a line graph depicting a spurious relationship between X and Y, controlling for Z. The vertical axis will show the percentage favoring the legalization of marijuana. Invent plausible percentages for the values of Y. The horizontal axis will show the two values of age, "younger" and "older." There will be two lines inside the graph: one for "low" education and one for "high" education.

B. Suppose that after controlling for education (Z), the set of relationships between X, Z, and Y turned out to be additive.

Using this chapter's discussion of additive relationships as a guide, write four to five sentences explaining how this set of relationships would fit an additive pattern.
Sketch a line graph depicting the additive relationships between X, Z, and Y. The vertical axis will show the percentage favoring legalization. Just as you did in part A, invent plausible percentages for the values of Y. The horizontal axis will show the two values of age. There will be two lines inside the graph, one for each value of education.