Hi,

I am struggling with my homework which is related to auditing class. Please provide original homework. Type up to two pages ( about 500-600 words) and must answer questions clearly. I have uploaded solutions for these questions, but please use your own words.

Chapter 6 Audit Responsibilities and Objectives Review Questions 6-1 The objective of the audit of financial statements by the independent auditor is the expression of an opinion on the fairness with which the financial statements present financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with applicable accounting standards. The auditor meets that objective by accumulating sufficient appropriate evidence to determine whether management's assertions regarding the financial statements are fairly stated. 6-2 It is management's responsibility to adopt sound accounting policies, maintain adequate internal control, and make fair representations in the financial statements. The auditor's responsibility is to conduct an audit of the financial statements in accordance with auditing standards and report the findings of the audit in the auditor's report. 6-3 An error is an unintentional misstatement of the financial statements. Fraud represents an intentional misstatement. The auditor is responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance that material misstatements in the financial statements are detected, whether those misstatements are due to fraud or error. An audit must be designed to provide reasonable assurance of detecting material misstatements in the financial statements. Further, the audit must be planned and performed with an attitude of professional skepticism in all aspects of the engagement. Because there is an attempt at concealment of fraud, material misstatements due to fraud are usually more difficult to uncover than errors. The auditor's best defense when material misstatements (either errors or fraud) are not uncovered in the audit is that the audit was conducted in accordance with auditing standards. 6-4 6-1 6-5 CHARACTERISTIC AUDIT STEPS 1. Management's characteristics and influence over the control environment. Investigate the past history of the firm and its management. Discuss the possibility of fraudulent financial reporting with previous auditor and company legal counsel after obtaining permission to do so from management. 2. Industry conditions. Research current status of industry and compare industry financial ratios to the company's ratios. Investigate any unusual differences. Read the AICPA Industry Audit Risk Alert for the company's industry, if available. Consider the impact of specific risks that are identified on the conduct of the audit. 3. Operating characteristics and financial stability. Perform analytical procedures to evaluate the possibility of business failure. Investigate whether material transactions occur close to year-end. 6-6 The auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate evidence regarding material amounts and disclosures that are directly affected by laws and regulations. For example, the auditor should perform tests to identify if there have been any material violations of federal or state tax laws. The auditor should inquire of management and inspect correspondence with relevant licensing and regulatory agencies to identify instances of noncompliance with other laws and regulations that may have a material effect on the financial statements. During the audit, other audit procedures may bring instances of suspected noncompliance to the auditor's attention. However, in the absence of identified or suspected noncompliance, the auditor is not required to perform additional audit procedures. 6-7 If the auditor becomes aware of information concerning an instance of noncompliance or suspected noncompliance with laws and regulations, the auditor should obtain an understanding of the nature and circumstances of the act. Additional information should be obtained to evaluate the possible effects on the financial statements. The auditor should also discuss the matter with management at a level above those involved with the suspected noncompliance and, when appropriate, those charged with governance. If management or those charged with governance are unable to provide sufficient information that 6-2 6-7 (continued) supports that the entity is in compliance with the laws and regulations, and the auditor believes the effect of the noncompliance may be material to the financial statements, the auditor should consider the need to obtain legal advice. The auditor should also evaluate the effects of the noncompliance on other aspects of the audit, including the auditor's risk assessment and the reliability of other representations from management. 6-8 The cycle approach is a method of dividing the audit such that closely related types of transactions and account balances are included in the same cycle. For example, sales, sales returns, and cash receipts transactions and the accounts receivable balance are all a part of the sales and collection cycle. The advantages of dividing the audit into different cycles are to divide the audit into more manageable parts, to assign tasks to different members of the audit team, and to keep closely related parts of the audit together. 6-9 GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNT Sales Accounts Payable Retained Earnings Accounts Receivable Inventory Repairs & Maintenance CYCLE Sales & Collection Acquisition & Payment Capital Acquisition & Repayment Sales & Collection Inventory & Warehousing Acquisition & Payment 6-10 There is a close relationship between each of these accounts. Sales, sales returns and allowances, and cash discounts all affect accounts receivable. Allowance for uncollectible accounts is closely tied to accounts receivable and should not be separated. Bad debt expense is closely related to the allowance for uncollectible accounts. To separate these accounts from each other implies that they are not closely related. Including them in the same cycle helps the auditor keep their relationships in mind. 6-11 Management assertions are implied or expressed representations by management about classes of transactions and the related accounts and disclosures in the financial statements. These assertions are part of the criteria management uses to record and disclose accounting information in financial statements. AICPA auditing standards classify assertions into three categories: 1. Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under audit 2. Assertions about account balances at period end 3. Assertions about presentation and disclosure 6-3 6-12 General audit objectives follow from and are closely related to management assertions. General audit objectives, however, are intended to provide a framework to help the auditor accumulate sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Audit objectives are more useful to auditors than assertions because they are more detailed and more closely related to helping the auditor accumulate sufficient appropriate evidence. 6-13 TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE VIOLATED RECORDING MISSTATEMENT Fixed asset repair is recorded on the wrong date. Timing Repair is capitalized as a fixed asset instead of an expense. Classification 6-14 The existence objective deals with whether amounts included in the financial statements should actually be included. Completeness is the opposite of existence. The completeness objective deals with whether all amounts that should be included have actually been included. In the audit of accounts receivable, a nonexistent account receivable will lead to overstatement of the accounts receivable balance. Failure to include a customer's account receivable balance, which is a violation of completeness, will lead to understatement of the accounts receivable balance. 6-15 Specific audit objectives are the application of the general audit objectives to a given class of transactions, account balance, or presentation and disclosure. There must be at least one specific audit objective for each general audit objective and in many cases there should be more. Specific audit objectives for a class of transactions, account balance, or presentation and disclosure should be designed such that, once they have been satisfied, the related general audit objective should also have been satisfied for that class of transactions, account, or presentation and disclosure. 6-16 For the specific balance-related audit objective, all recorded fixed assets exist at the balance sheet date, the management assertion and the general balance-related audit objective are both \"existence.\" 6-17 Management assertions and general balance-related audit objectives are consistent for all asset accounts for every audit. One or more specific balancerelated audit objectives are developed for each general balance-related audit objective in an audit area such as accounts receivable to allow the auditor to satisfy the balance-related audit objectives and test management's assertions about account balances. For any given account, a CPA firm may decide on a consistent set of specific balance-related audit objectives for accounts receivable, or it may decide to use different objectives for different audits. 6-4 6-18 For the specific presentation and disclosure-related audit objective: \"read the fixed asset footnote disclosure to determine that the types of fixed assets, depreciation methods, and useful lives are clearly disclosed,\" the management assertion and the general presentation and disclosure-related audit objective are both \"classification and understandability.\" 6-19 The four phases of the audit are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Plan and design an audit approach. Perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions. Perform analytical procedures and tests of details of balances. Complete the audit and issue an audit report. The auditor uses these four phases to meet the overall objective of the audit, which is to express an opinion on whether the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with applicable accounting standards. By accumulating sufficient appropriate evidence for each audit objective throughout the four phases of the audit, the overall objective is met. Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations 6-20 a. (2) b. (3) c. (1) 6-21 a. (1) b. (2) c. (1) 6-22 a. (3) b. (2) c. (2) Discussion Questions And Problems 6-23 a. The purpose of the first part of the report of management is for management to state its responsibilities for internal control over financial reporting. The second part of the report states management's responsibility for the fair presentation of the financial statements. b. The auditor's responsibility is to express an opinion on the fairness of the presentation of the financial statements and an opinion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. 6-24 a. Auditing standards indicate that reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance. Accordingly, financial statement users should have a high degree of confidence in the financial statements. However, reasonable assurance is not an absolute level of assurance, and there is at least some risk that the audited financial statements may include material misstatements. 6-5 6-24 (continued) b. The responsibility of the independent auditor is to express an opinion on the financial statements he or she has audited. Inasmuch as the financial statements are the representation of management, responsibility rests with management for the proper recording of transactions in books of account, for the safeguarding of assets, and for the substantial accuracy and adequacy of the financial statements. In developing the basis for his or her opinion, the auditor is responsible for conducting an audit that conforms to auditing standards. These standards constitute the measure of the adequacy of the audit. Those standards require the auditor to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence about material management assertions in the financial statements. The informed judgment of a qualified professional accountant is required of an independent auditor. The auditor must exercise this judgment in selecting the procedures he or she uses in the audit and in arriving at an opinion. In presenting himself or herself to the public as an independent auditor, the auditor is responsible for having the abilities expected of a qualified person in that profession. Such qualifications do not include those of an appraiser, expert in valuation, expert in materials, expert in styles, insurer, or lawyer. The auditor is entitled to rely upon the judgment of experts in these other areas of knowledge and skill. c. Auditors are responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance that material misstatements included in the financial statements are detected, whether those misstatements are due to fraud or error. Professional standards acknowledge that it is often more difficult to detect fraud than errors because management or employees perpetrating the fraud attempt to conceal the fraud. That difficulty, however, does not change the auditor's responsibility to properly plan and perform the audit. Auditors are required to specifically assess the risk of material misstatement due to fraud and should consider that assessment in designing the audit procedures to be performed. There has been increased emphasis on auditors' responsibility to evaluate factors that may indicate an increased likelihood that fraud may be occurring. For example, assume that management is dominated by a president who makes most of the major operating and business decisions himself. He has a reputation in the business community for making optimistic projections about future earnings and then putting considerable pressure on operating and accounting staff to make sure those projections are met. He has also been 6-6 6-24 (continued) associated with other companies in the past that have gone bankrupt. These factors, considered together, may cause the auditor to conclude that the likelihood of fraud is fairly high. In such a circumstance, the auditor should put increased emphasis on searching for material misstatements due to fraud. The auditor may also uncover circumstances during the audit that may cause suspicions of fraudulent financial reporting. For example, the auditor may find that management has misled the auditor about the age of certain inventory items. When such circumstances are uncovered, the auditor must evaluate their implications and consider the need to modify audit evidence. Adequate internal control should be the principal means of thwarting and detecting misappropriation of assets. To rely entirely on an independent audit for the detection of misappropriation of assets would require expanding the auditor's work to the extent that the cost might be prohibitive. The auditor normally assesses the likelihood of material misappropriation of assets as a part of understanding the entity's internal control and assessing control risk. Audit evidence should be expanded when the auditor finds an absence of adequate controls or failure to follow prescribed procedures, if he or she believes a material fraud could result. Because the auditor's responsibility is limited to material misstatements, we believe that the auditor's responsibility is appropriate. However, some students may take the position that the auditor's responsibility to detect fraud is too great because of the potential for collusion and deception by management. The independent auditor is not an insurer or guarantor. The auditor's implicit obligation is that the audit be performed with due professional skill and care in accordance with auditing standards. A subsequent discovery of fraud that existed during the period covered by the independent audit does not of itself indicate negligence on the auditor's part. 6-25 1. Professional skepticism primarily consists of two components: a questioning mind and a critical assessment of the audit evidence. A questioning mindset means the auditor approaches the audit with a \"trust but verify\" mental outlook, as well as a critical assessment of the evidence that includes asking probing questions and attention to inconsistencies. 2. Because the vendor allowance agreements were unwritten, this should have increased the auditor's professional skepticism. In addition, increases in the size of the allowances and the close relationship between Just for Feet and the vendors should have increased professional skepticism. 6-7 6-25 (continued) 3. Auditors may be inclined to accept client representations because of a natural bias to want to trust the client. In addition, if these allowances had been used in the past, the auditor may have been more inclined to accept them as a regular business practice. 4. The following are example of three probing questions related to the vendor allowances: Are there written agreements or other corroborating evidence that would support the amount of these allowances? Can specific payments or credits be matched to specific vendor allowances? Why are the allowances greater this year compared to the prior year? 6-26 a. CYCLE BALANCE SHEET ACCOUNTS INCOME STATEMENT ACCOUNTS SALES AND COLLECTION Accounts receivable Allowance for doubtful accounts Cash Notes receivabletrade Bad debt expense Sales ACQUISITION AND PAYMENT Accounts payable Accumulated depreciation furniture and equipment Cash Furniture and equipment Income tax payable Inventory Prepaid insurance Property tax payable Advertising expense Depreciation expense furniture and equipment Income tax expense Insurance expense Property tax expense Purchases Rent expense Telecommunications expense PAYROLL AND PERSONNEL Cash Accrued sales salaries Salaries, office and general Sales salaries expense INVENTORY AND WAREHOUSING Inventory Purchases CAPITAL ACQUISITION AND REPAYMENT Accrued interest expense Cash Common stock Loans payable Notes payable Retained earnings Interest expense 6-8 6-26 (continued) b. The general ledger accounts are not likely to differ much between a retail and a wholesale company unless there are departments for which there are various categories. There would be large differences for a hospital or governmental unit. A governmental unit would use the fund accounting system and would have entirely different titles. Hospitals are likely to have several different kinds of revenue accounts, rather than sales. They are also likely to have such things as drug expense, laboratory supplies, etc. At the same time, even a governmental unit or a hospital will have certain accounts such as cash, insurance expense, interest income, rent expense, and so forth. 6-27 a. Management assertions about transactions relate to transactions and other events that are reflected in the accounting records. In contrast, assertions about account balances relate to the ending account balances that are included in the financial statements, and assertions about presentation and disclosure relate to how those balances are reflected and disclosed in the financial statements. MANAGEMENT ASSERTION b. CATEGORY OF MANAGEMENT ASSERTION c. NAME OF ASSERTION a. Recorded sales transactions have occurred. Classes of transactions Occurrence b. There are no liens or other restrictions on accounts receivable. Account balances Rights and obligations c. All sales transactions have been recorded. Classes of transactions Completeness d. Receivables are appropriately classified as to trade and other receivables in the financial statements and are clearly described. Presentation and disclosure Classification and understandability e. Sales transactions have been recorded in the proper period. Classes of transactions Cutoff f. Accounts receivable are recorded at the correct amounts. Account balances Valuation and allocation g. Sales transactions have been recorded in the appropriate accounts. Classes of transactions Classification 6-9 6-27 (continued) b. CATEGORY OF MANAGEMENT ASSERTION MANAGEMENT ASSERTION c. NAME OF ASSERTION h. All required disclosures about sales and receivables have been made. Presentation and disclosure Completeness i. All accounts receivable have been recorded. Account balances Completeness j. Disclosures related to accounts receivable are at the correct amounts. Presentation and disclosure Accuracy and valuation k. Sales transactions have been recorded at the correct amounts. Classes of transactions Accuracy l. Recorded accounts receivable exist. Account balances Existence m. Disclosures related to sales and receivables relate to the entity. Presentation and disclosure Occurrence and rights and obligations 6-28 SPECIFIC BALANCERELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT ASSERTION COMMENTS a. There are no unrecorded receivables. 2. Completeness Unrecorded transactions or amounts deal with the completeness objective. b. Receivables have not been sold or discounted. 4. Rights and obligations Receivables not being sold or discounted concerns the rights and obligations objective and assertion. c. Uncollectible accounts have been provided for. 3. Valuation or allocation Providing for uncollectible accounts concerns whether the allowance for uncollectible accounts is adequate. It is part of the realizable value objective and the valuation or allocation assertion. 6-10 6-28 (continued) SPECIFIC BALANCERELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT ASSERTION COMMENTS d. Receivables that have become uncollectible have been written off. 3. Valuation or allocation This is part of the realizable value objective and the valuation or allocation assertion. There may also be some argument that this is part of the existence objective and assertion. Accounts that are uncollectible are no longer valid assets. e. All accounts on the list are expected to be collected within 1 year. 3. Valuation or allocation Accounts that are not expected to be collected within a year should be classified as long-term receivables. It is therefore included as part of the classification objective and consequently under the valuation or allocation assertion. f. The total of the amounts on the accounts receivable listing agrees with the general ledger balance for accounts receivable. 3. Valuation or allocation This is part of the detail tie-in objective and is part of the valuation or allocation assertion. g. All accounts on the list arose from the normal course of business and are not due from related parties. 3. Valuation or allocation Concerns the classification of accounts receivable and is therefore a part of the classification objective and the valuation or allocation assertion. h. Sales cutoff at yearend is proper. 3. Valuation or allocation Cutoff is a part of the cutoff objective and therefore part of the valuation or allocation assertion. 6-11 6-29 a. b. and c. Management assertions are implied or expressed representations by management about the classes of transactions and related accounts in the financial statements. AICPA auditing standards identify five assertions about classes of transactions that are stated in the problem. These assertions are the same for every transaction cycle and account. General transaction-related audit objectives are essentially the same as management assertions, but they are expanded somewhat to help the auditor decide which audit evidence is necessary to satisfy the management assertions. Accuracy and posting and summarization are a subset of the accuracy assertion. Specific transaction-related audit objectives are determined by the auditor for each general transaction-related audit objective. These are done for each transaction cycle to help the auditor determine the specific amount of evidence needed for that cycle to satisfy the general transaction-related audit objectives. The easiest way to do this problem is to first identify the general transaction-related audit objectives for each specific transactionrelated audit objective. It is then easy to determine the management assertion using Table 6-3 (p. 158 in text) as a guide. b. SPECIFIC TRANSACTIONRELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT ASSERTION c. GENERAL TRANSACTIONRELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE a. Recorded cash disbursement transactions are for the amount of goods or services received and are correctly recorded. 3. Accuracy 8. Accuracy b. Cash disbursement transactions are properly included in the accounts payable master file and are correctly summarized. 3. Accuracy 9. Posting and summarization c. Recorded cash disbursements are for goods and services actually received. 1. Occurrence 6. Occurrence d. Cash disbursement transactions are properly classified. 4. Classification 10. Classification e. Existing cash disbursement transactions are recorded. 2. Completeness 7. Completeness f. Cash disbursement transactions are recorded on the correct dates. 5. Cutoff 11. Timing 6-12 6-30 a. The first objective concerns amounts that should not be included on the list of accounts payable because there are no amounts due to such vendors. This objective concerns only the overstatement of accounts payable. The second objective concerns the possibility of accounts payable that should be included but that have not been included. This objective concerns only the possibility of understated accounts payable. b. The first objective deals with existence and the second deals with completeness. c. For accounts payable, the auditor is usually most concerned about understatements. An understatement of accounts payable is usually considered more important than overstatements because of potential legal liability. The completeness objective is therefore normally more important in the audit of accounts payable. The auditor is also concerned about overstatements of accounts payable. The existence objective is also therefore important in accounts payable, but usually less so than the completeness objective. 6-13 6-14 6-31 AUDIT PROCEDURE BALANCERELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE a. Examine a sample of duplicate sales invoices to determine whether each one has a shipping document attached. b. Add all customer balances in the accounts receivable trial balance and agree the amount to the general ledger. TRANSACTION RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE (9) Occurrence (6) Detail Tie-In c. For a sample of sales transactions selected from the sales journal, verify that the amount of the transaction has been recorded in the correct customer account in the accounts receivable subledger. (14) Posting and summarization d. Inquire of the client whether any accounts receivable balances have been pledged as collateral on long-term debt and determine whether all required information is included in the footnote description for long-term debt. (15) Occurrence and rights e. For a sample of shipping documents selected from shipping records, trace each shipping document to a transaction recorded in the sales journal. f. Discuss with credit department personnel the likelihood of collection of all accounts as of December 31, 2013, with a balance greater than $100,000 and greater than 90 days old as of year-end. g. Examine sales invoices for the last five sales transactions recorded in the sales journal in 2013 and examine shipping documents to determine they are recorded in the correct period. PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE AUDIT OBJECTIVE (10) Completeness (7) Realizable value (5) Cutoff 6-15 6-31 (continued) AUDIT PROCEDURE h. For a sample of customer accounts receivable balances for December 31, 2013, examine subsequent cash receipts in January 2014 to determine whether the customer paid the balance due. i. TRANSACTION RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE (1) Existence (7) Realizable value Determine whether all risks related to accounts receivable are adequately disclosed. j. BALANCERELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE Foot the sales journal for the month of July and trace postings to the general ledger. k. Send letters to a sample of accounts receivable customers to verify whether they have an outstanding balance at December 31, 2013. l. Determine whether long-term receivables and related party receivables are reported separately in the financial statements. PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE AUDIT OBJECTIVE (16) Completeness (14) Posting and summarization (1) Existence (18) Classification and understandability 6-32 AUDIT ACTIVITIES AUDIT PHASE a. Examine invoices supporting fixed asset additions. 3. Perform analytical procedures and tests of details of balances (Phase III) b. Review industry databases to assess the risk of material misstatements in the financial statements. 1. Plan and design an audit approach (Phase I) c. Summarize misstatements identified during testing to assess whether the overall financial statements are fairly stated. 4. Complete the audit and issue an audit report (Phase IV) d. Test computerized controls over credit approval for sales transactions. 2. Perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions (Phase II) e. Send letters to customers confirming outstanding accounts receivable balances. 3. Perform analytical procedures and tests of details of balances (Phase III) f. Perform analytical procedures comparing the client with similar companies in the industry to gain an understanding of the client's business and strategies. 1. Plan and design an audit approach (Phase I) g. Compare information on purchase invoices recorded in the acquisitions journal with information on receiving reports. 2. Perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions (Phase II) Research Problem 6-1: International and PCAOB Audit Objectives a. Paragraph .11 of AU-C 200 states that \"[T]he overall objectives of the auditor, in conducting an audit of financial statements, are to a. obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, thereby enabling the auditor to express an opinion on whether the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable accounting framework; and b. report on the financial statements, and communicate as required by GAAS, in accordance with the auditor's findings.\" As a results of the clarity project, Paragraph .11 of ISA 200 has identical wording, except GAAS is replaced by the ISAs in paragraph b. 6-16 Research Problem 6-1 (continued) b. Paragraph .03 of PCAOB Auditing Standard 5 states that \"The auditor's objective in an audit of internal control over financial reporting is to express an opinion on the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting.\" That standard notes that to form a basis for an opinion, the auditor must plan and perform the audit to obtain competent evidence that is sufficient to obtain reasonable assurance about whether material weaknesses exist as of the date specified in management's assessment. c. Both U.S. GAAS and international auditing standards define financial statements as being fairly stated when they are free of material misstatements. PCAOB Auditing Standard 5 defines internal control as effective when no material weaknesses exist. These definitions are related. The presence of a material misstatement generally suggests the presence of a material weakness, since management's internal controls over financial reporting failed to detect the material misstatement. While the presence of a material weakness in internal control does not automatically mean the financial statements contain a material misstatement, there is a high likelihood that a material misstatement could occur. (Note: Research problems address current issues, using Internet sources. Because Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions may change. Any revisions to Research problems will be posted on the book's Web site at www.pearsonhighered.com/arens.) 6-17