how can I make a brief summary(paragraph) of all of this information into my own words? The United States has a dual court system, meaning it has two levels of courtsfederal and state. Where a criminal case is to be tried is determined by this rule: If an act violates federal law, it is tried in federal court; if it violates state law, it is tried in state court. If an act violates both federal and state laws, it can be tried in both courts. Judicial precedent means that decisions of courts have value as precedent for future cases similarly circumstanced. Jurisdiction is the power of a court to try a case; venue is the place where the case is tried. Judicial review is "the power of any court to hold unconstitutional and hence unenforceable any law, any official action based on a law, or any other action by a public official that it deems to be in conflict with the Constitution." Rule of law generally means that no person is above the law, and that every person, from the most powerful public official down to the least powerful individual, is subject to the law and can be held accountable in court for what he or she does. The incorporation controversy is about whether the Bill of Rights protects against violations of rights by the federal government only or also limits actions of state and local government officials. The four approaches to incorporation are selective incorporation, total incorporation, total incorporation plus, and the case-by-case approach