$$$ How do fundamental principles in chemical engineering contribute to the design and optimization of industrial processes? Explore key concepts such as mass and energy balances, thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, and transport phenomena. Discuss their applications in areas like chemical synthesis, separation processes, and environmental engineering. Consider the role of mathematical modeling, process simulation, and optimization techniques in enhancing process efficiency and sustainability. Highlight the interdisciplinary nature of chemical engineering and its impact on various industries, from pharmaceuticals to energy production.