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How do you determine this? Difficult and failed tracheal intubations are among the principal causes of anesthetic-related mortality and morbidity. Because a good laryngeal view

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How do you determine this?

Difficult and failed tracheal intubations are among the principal causes of anesthetic-related mortality and morbidity. Because a good laryngeal view facilitates successful tracheal intubation, new technologies have been introduced to improve visualization. The Pentax AWS is a novel video laryngoscope, available in Japan since 2006, which is designed to facilitate intubation by providing a video image of the glottis. Abdallah et al. conducted a study to examine whether intubation with the Pentax AWS would be easier and faster than with a standard Macintosh laryngoscope with a #4 blade. The sample included 99 adult patients having a body mass index between 30 and 50 kg/m2 who required orotracheal intubation for elective surgery.

The variables collected included: GRP (1=Pentax AWS, 0=Macintosh #4 blade), AGE (years), GENDER (1=male, 0=female), BMI (body mass index in kg/m2), ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status where 1=I, 2=II, 3=III, 4=IV), MALLAMPATI (score predicting ease of intubation where 1=Full visibility of tonsils, uvula and soft palate; 2=Visibility of hard and soft palate, upper portion of tonsils and uvula; 3=Soft and hard palate and base of the uvula are visible; 4=Only hard palate visible), and VIEW (Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view where 0="not good" Cormack-Lehane grade 1 or 2; 1="good" Cormack-Lehane grade 3 or 4), INTUBTIME (intubation time in seconds), and EASE (actual ease of tracheal intubation where 0=extremely easy and 100=extremely difficult). Note that patients missing data were excluded from the analysis.

6. The interaction plot below was generated from the model in SAS Output #2. What can you say about the following figure? Before selecting an answer, take a close look at the relevant p-value(s) in SAS Output #2, too.(1 point)

  1. There is a statistically significant same direction interaction between laryngoscope group and gender.
  2. There is a statistically significant reverse interaction between laryngoscope group and gender.
  3. While the figure shows a same direction interaction between laryngoscope group and gender, the interaction is not statistically significant.
  4. While the figure shows a reverse interaction between laryngoscope group and gender, the interaction is not statistically significant.
  5. The mean ease of intubation score is significantly higher for females than males.

image text in transcribedimage text in transcribedimage text in transcribed
Intercept 51 . 25000000 B 15 . 4122444 3.33 0 . 0013 Mallampati 1 -1. 39285714 B 16. 26912399 -0 . 09 0. 9320 Mallampati 2 -7. 86538462 B 16. 18332709 -0. 4 0 . 628 Mallampati 3 -11. 50000000 B 16. 88326785 . 4975 Mallampati 4 0. 00000000 B . Female ...... Male 8 8 8 8 Least Squares Means Mean Ease of Intubation Score Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey-Kramer LSMEAN Mallampati ease LSMEAN Number 49. 8571429 Pentax AWS Macintosh #4 blade 43 . 3846154 AWNH Laryngoscope Gr 39 . 750000 D WN 51 . 2500000 a. There is a statistically significant same direction interaction between laryngoscope group Least Squares Means for effect Mallampati Pr > |t| for HO: LSMean (i )=LSMean ( j) and gender. b. There is a statistically significant reverse interaction between laryngoscope group and Dependent Variable: ease gender. i/ j c. While the figure shows a same direction interaction between laryngoscope group and 0. 8039 0. 6473 0. 9998 gender, the interaction is not statistically significant. . 8039 0. 9734 0 . 9620 AWNH d. While the figure shows a reverse interaction between laryngoscope group and gender, the 0. 6473 0.9734 0. 9040 . 9998 0. 9620 0 . 9040 interaction is not statistically significant. e. The mean ease of intubation score is significantly higher for females than males. SAS Output #2 Sum of Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F SAS Output #1 Mode 11088 . 61173 3696 . 2039 4. 35 0 . 0065 Error 79852. 94949 849 . 49946 Corrected Total 90941.56122 Sum of Source Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE ease Mean 0. 121931 64 . 37514 29 . 14617 45. 27551 Model 1627 . 54474 D G 0. 6355 Error Corrected Total 90941 . 56122 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F 1009.374636 1009. 374636 1. 19 0.2785 R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE ease Mean grp gender 5434 . 159912 5434 . 159912 6. 40 0. 0131 0. 017897 68 . 08204 30. 82449 45. 27551 grp*gender 1280 .540280 1280 . 540280 1.5: 0. 2226 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F Standard Parameter Estimate Error t Value Pr > t Mallampati 1627 . 544741 542.514914 G 0.6355 Intercept 59. 54545455 B 8. 78790213 6. 18 <. grp b . standard parameter estimate error t value pr> |t| grp 0 . 00000000 B gender -9. 54545455 E . 95033976 -0.96 0. 3399gender 0 . 00000000 B grp* gender 0 0 -18 . 01010101 B 14. 66901933 -1.23 0 .2226 SAS Output #3 grp*gender 0 1 0. 00000000 B grp*gender 1 0 0. 00000000 B Sum of grp*gender 1 1 0. 00000000 B Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F Mode 9808 . 07145 4904 . 03572 5. 74 0. 0044 Error 95 31133. 48978 854 . 03673 Corrected Total 97 90941 . 56122 R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE ease Mean 0. 107850 64. 54683 29.22391 45 . 27551 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F grp 1360 . 010225 1360. 010225 5. 11 0. 0261 gender 5053 . 676892 3. 676892 0 . 0169 standard Parameter Estimate Error t Value Pr > t Intercept 66 . 00920245 B 7 . 05515040 9 . 36 <. grp . b ho gender least squares means adjustment for multiple comparisons: tukey-kramer : lsmean1="LSMean2" ease lsmean pr> |t 43. 7392638 0. 0261 57 . 0930470 Least Squares Means Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey-Kramer HO : LSMean1= LSMean2 gender ease LSMEAN Pr > |t/ 41 . 5000000 0. 0169 59 . 3323108SAS Output #4 SAS Output #5 Sum of Sum of Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F Model 33339.51407 8334. 87852 13 . 4 <. mode error . corrected total r-square coeff var root mse ease mean source df type iii ss square f value pr> F Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F grp 6610. 69441 6610 . 69441 10 . 67 0 . 0015 age 3721 . 464262 3721. 46426 4 . 11 0 . 0455 H H 0. 18 age 1176. 34663 1176 .34663 1. 90 0 . 1715 BMI 161. 609809 161. 609809 0. 6736 gender 742 . 49208 742 . 49208 1. 20 0.2764 view 1482. 39385 1482 . 39385 34. 68 <. standard parameter estimate error t value pr> t Standard Parameter Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t| Intercept 31 . 78710587 30. 6458574 1 .0 0. 3023 age 0 . 4900544 0. 24171213 2.0 0 . 0455 . 003 BMI Intercept 38 . 27651851 B 2 . 8368974 -0 . 25560020 0 . 60497630 -0. 42 0. 6736 2.9 grp 0 -16. 63625463 B 5. 09224749 3.27 0. 0015 grp 0 . 00000000 B age 0. 27606039 . 20031521 1.38 0 . 1715 gender 7. 19514460 B .57159966 1 0 0.2764 gender 0. 00000000 B HOHO . view 9 . 60239485 B . 72446283 5.89 :. 0001 view 0 . 00000000 B

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