How is ANCOVA being used in this study Background Prenatal health disparities exist for African Americans and low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals when compared to non Hispanic Whites and people of higher SES, particularly in cardiometabolic diseases Furthermore, having had a pregnancy specific cardio metabolic disease, e g preeclampsia, increases risk for future cardio metabolic disease Although these factors (race, SES and pregnancy cardio metabolic disease) are interrelated, studies have rarely considered their combined effect on postpartum cardio metabolic risk The purpose of this study was to assess whether SES, race ethnicity, and prenatal cardio metabolic disease interact in the prediction of postpartum cardio metabolic risk Methods A sample of 1,753 low income women of African American, Latina, non Hispanic White race ethnicity was recruited after a birth in 5 US sites Household income was used to categorize poverty status as Poor ( Federal Poverty Level FPL), near poor (100 200 FPL), or low middle income ( 200 FPL) Three prenatal cardio metabolic disease diagnoses (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes) were identified from medical records Four biomarkers (mean arterial pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol HDL ratio, and waist hip ratio) were collected at 6 and 12 months postpartum, and combined into an average postpartum cardio metabolic risk index Maternal age, pre pregnancy body mass index, parity, health behaviors and employment status were covariates Results Analyses revealed interactions of race ethnicity, poverty status, and prenatal cardio metabolic diseases in the prediction of postpartum cardio metabolic risk African American women had higher postpartum cardio metabolic risk, which was exacerbated following a prenatal cardio metabolic disease Low middle income African American women had higher cardio metabolic risk compared to poor African American, and all Latina and White women Conclusions African American women, and especially those who experienced pregnancy complications, emerged as vulnerable, and greater household income did not appear to confer protection against worse postpartum cardio metabolic risk for this group These results highlight the complex interplay between socioeconomic status and race ethnicity with respect to understanding health disparities

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How is ANCOVA being used in this study? Background: Prenatal health disparities exist for African Americans and low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals when compared to

How is ANCOVA being used in this study?

Background:Prenatal health disparities exist for African Americans and low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals when compared to non-Hispanic Whites and people of higher SES, particularly in cardiometabolic diseases. Furthermore, having had a pregnancy-specific cardio-metabolic disease, e.g. preeclampsia, increases risk for future cardio-metabolic disease. Although these factors (race, SES and pregnancy cardio-metabolic disease) are interrelated, studies have rarely considered their combined effect on postpartum cardio-metabolic risk. The purpose of this study was to assess whether SES, race/ethnicity, and prenatal cardio-metabolic disease interact in the prediction of postpartum cardio-metabolic risk.
Methods:A sample of 1,753 low-income women of African American, Latina, non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity was recruited after a birth in 5 US sites. Household income was used to categorize poverty status as Poor (< Federal Poverty Level; FPL), near poor (100-200% FPL), or low/middle income (> 200% FPL). Three prenatal cardio-metabolic disease diagnoses (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes) were identified from medical records. Four biomarkers (mean arterial pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol: HDL ratio, and waist hip ratio) were collected at 6 and 12 months postpartum, and combined into an average postpartum cardio-metabolic risk index. Maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, health behaviors and employment status were covariates.
Results:Analyses revealed interactions of race/ethnicity, poverty status, and prenatal cardio-metabolic diseases in the prediction of postpartum cardio-metabolic risk. African American women had higher postpartum cardio-metabolic risk, which was exacerbated following a prenatal cardio-metabolic disease. Low/middle income African American women had higher cardio-metabolic risk compared to poor African American, and all Latina and White women.
Conclusions:African American women, and especially those who experienced pregnancy complications, emerged as vulnerable, and greater household income did not appear to confer protection against worse postpartum cardio-metabolic risk for this group. These results highlight the complex interplay between socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity with respect to understanding health disparities.