How much would you have to invest today to receive the following? Use Appendix B or Appendix D for an approximate answer, but calculate your final answer using the formula and financial calculator methods.

a. $16,500 in 7 years at 14 percent. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.)

b. $20,750 in 15 years at 7 percent. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.)

c. $8,600 each year for 18 years at 6 percent. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.)

d. $59,000 each year for 40 years at 8 percent. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.)