How were the vaccines for covid$-19$ made available so quickly? Was the willingness of some governments to subsidize research, development and distribution of these vaccines, justified considering the macroeconomic impacts of

the pandemic?

as i$$ve experienced please do not use another existing answer to tackle this question please. use the elements below as guidance

$1$ How were the vaccines for covid$-19$ made available so quickly?

Was the willingness of some governments to subsidise research development and distribution of

$2$ Wa these vaccines justified considering the macroeconomic Impacts of the pandemic

$1)$ Pharmaceutical companies pend a significant amount of their budget on advertising$/$marketing

each year, Even though there are restrictions on advertising directly to the public in theUK,companies

still need to inform healthcare providers about the availability of any new medicines. Do you think that

the publicity and encouragement by governments to get people vaccinated against covid$-19$ may have reduced the marketing costs for the pharmaceutical industry in this case?

$2)$ The possibility of failure to find a successful vaccine could have led to significant sunk costs which

would have added to the risks associated with such research,thereby discouraging some companies

from getting involved at the start of the pandemic.Why would unsuccessful R&D be regarded as a sunk

cost$?$ How did government subsidies of R&D along orders for the vaccine help to reduce the risks

associated with such potential sunk costs?

$3)$ Should the report describe the different stages involved in research$($e$.$g$.$pre$-$discovery,pre$-$clinical

testing, phase l$-$HII clinical trials, licensing approval$)$ in:

A great detail with no reference ta costs

Bbrief detail with no reference to costs

C brief detail but with reference to costs

D no reference should be made at all to the scientific research

$4)$ Try to find out how the following may have contributed towards shortening the time period in

developing and then distributing the vaccine for covd$-19$:

a$)$ Improvements in bia$-$technology in medical research over recent decades

b$)$ Operation Warp Speed; Covax; Human Challenge Test

c$)$ Early orders from governments for the vaccines prior to completion of the trials

d$)$ Running the phase l$,$ Il and III trials much closer together than normal

e$)$ Gov't help tpincrease manufacturing capacity of the vaccine

e vaccine prior to receiving approval

B$)$ Prioritising investigation of the covid$-19$ trials data provided by the pharmaceutical companies to the

licensing authorities such as FDA $($USA$),$ MHRA $($UK$)$ and EMA $($EU$).$

h$)$ Government publicity on different media platforms about

it the covid$-19$ vaccine

iL Free provision, certainly in the UK$,$ of the vaccine

$5)$ The amount allocated by the UK gov't during $2020$ to help finance a Vaccines Manufacturing &

Innovation Centre by $2021$ to meet capacity requirements for the entire UK population was:

A $93,000($B$93$m C$93$bn$?$

$6)$ The approximate amount allocated in the USA by the Department of Health & Human Services $($HHS$)$

to help fund R&D with vario

arious companies to help develop a covid$-19$ vaccine was:

A $$1$bn B$$11$bn c$$100$bn$?$

$7)$Why did Johnson &Johnson and Astra$-$Zeneca temporarily pause the phase ll trial for their

respective vaccines?

$8)$ How might the furlough scheme introduced by the UK go$/\text{'}$t helpeto reduce the economic impact

on the economy through economic scarring$/$hysteresis$?$

FDA $=$The Food and Drugs Agency

EMA$=$The European Medicines Agency

MHRA $=$The Medicines &Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency