How would the following transactions affect Canadsis net capital outflow? Also, state whether each involyed direct investment or portfolio investment.

a$.$ A Canadian cellular phone company establishes an office in the Czech Republic.

b$.$ Harrod's of London sells shares to the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan.

c$.$ Honda expands its factory in Alliston, Ontario.

d$.$ A Bank of Montreal mutual fund sells its Volkswagen shares to a French investor.