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Setting goals is an important first step toward achieving success. Managing time and completing the tasks needed to reach those goals is a critical second step. Time is a valuable personal resourcewhen we gain greater control of it, we gain greater control of our lives.

Time Management displays comprehensive set of strategies for managing time, establishing priorities, combating procrastination, and completing tasks. The video, Simple Time Management Rules, will inspire you to consider personal goals, reflect on how to achieve these goals, and learn how time management will influence goal completion.

First review the strategies recommended for preventing and overcoming procrastination .

It's certainly true that when we're under the pressure of an immediate deadline, we're more likely to start working and work faster, but that doesn't mean we're working smarter, more effectively, or producing work of better quality.

A major enemy of effective time management is procrastination. Research indicates that 80% to 95% of college students procrastinate and almost 50% report they procrastinate consistently. Procrastination is such a serious issue that some college campuses have opened "procrastination centers" especially for students struggling with this problem. Instead of abiding by the proverb, "Why put off till tomorrow what can be done today?" the procrastinator's philosophy is just the opposite: "Why do today what can be put off till tomorrow?" Adopting this philosophy leads to a perpetual pattern of postponing what needs to be done until the last possible moment, forcing the procrastinator to rush frantically to finish work just before the deadline, and then turning in work that is inferior or incomplete (or turning in nothing at all)

Because procrastinators repeatedly play "beat the clock," they focus more on beating the buzzer than delivering their best shot. The typical result is delivering a work product of poorer quality than what could have been produced if they started sooner.

Myth 2. "Studying in advance is a waste of time because I'll forget it all by test time." Procrastinators use this belief to justify putting off all studying until the night before an exam. studying that's distributed (spread out) over time is more effective than massed (crammed) studying. Furthermore, last-minute studying can lead to pulling "late-nighters" or "all-nighters," depriving the brain of dream sleep (a.k.a. REM sleep) that's needed to retain information and manage stress. Working under time pressure also increases performance pressure because it leaves procrastinators with little time to seek help with their work and no time to accommodate last-minute emergencies or random catastrophes.

Strategies for Preventing and Overcoming Procrastination

Listed below are strategies for reducing the tendency to procrastinate and preventing it from happening in the first place.

Consistently use effective time-management strategies. It's been found that procrastinators are less likely to procrastinate when they convert their intentions or vows ("I swear I'm going to start tomorrow") into concrete action plans. Studies show that if people consistently use effective time-management plans and practices (such as those discussed in this chapter) and apply them to tasks that they procrastinate on, their procrastination habit begins to fade and is replaced by more productive work habits.

Organization matters.

Research indicates that disorganization contributes to procrastination. If our workspaces and work materials are well-organized and ready to go, we're more likely to get going and start working. Having the right materials in the right place at the right time not only makes it easier for us to begin work, it also helps us maintain momentum by reducing the need to stop, find stuff that's needed to continue working, and then have to restart the work process all over again. For procrastinators, anything that delays the start of their work, or interrupts their work once it's begun, can supply them with just enough time (and the right excuse) to postpone doing the work. The less time and effort it takes to start working and continue working, the more likely it is that the work will be started, continued, and completed. A simple and effective way to organize college work materials is to develop a personal file system, in which materials from separate courses are filed (stored) in separate notebooks or folderspaper or electronic. This keeps all materials related to the same course in the same place and allows for immediate access to these materials when they're needed. A file system not only helps with organization, it also reduces the risk of procrastination by reducing the time (and effort) it takes to get started. Also, by having everything "in place," it reduces stress triggered by the unsettling feeling of having things "all over the place."

We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit."

Location matters. Effective time and task management include effective management of one's work environment. Where work takes place can influence whether work is begun and gets done. Working in an environment that minimizes distractions and maximizes concentration reduces the risk of procrastination. Intentionally arrange your work environment to minimize social distractions (e.g., friends nearby who are not working) and social-media distractions (e.g., texting or tweeting). Better yet, remove everything from your work site that's not related to the work you're doing. Procrastination can also be reduced by working in an environment that includes positive social-support networks; for example, working with a group of motivated students who make your work more attractive, less distractive, and more productive.

Although my college friends and I had different majors, we found that if we all studied together we could help each other stay focused and avoid procrastination. Each night about five of us would meet up in one of our residence hall rooms with our coffee, snacks, and textbooks. We'd each find a spot somewhere in that room-either at a desk or on the floor-and hunker down to study for exams or to get our reading assignments done. These study sessions were both enjoyable and productive; we were able to keep up with the demands of our courses while also spending time together. However, despite our best efforts, some of us would occasionally get distracted, start cracking jokes, or just lose steam. Since we were so committed to supporting each other, whenever this happened, we'd rein each other in and refocus. These evening sessions with my friends helped me stick to a regular study schedule, do well in my courses, and strengthened the friendships I made in college.

Make the start of work as inviting or appealing as possible. For many procrastinators, initiating workgetting off the starting blocksis their stumbling block. They experience what's known as "start-up stress"when they're about to start working, they start having negative thoughts about the work they're about to do expecting it to be difficult, stressful, or boring.

Start-up stress can be reduced by sequencing work tasks in a way that allows you to work first on tasks you find more interesting or are more likely to do successfully. Beginning with these tasks can give you a "jump-start," enabling you to overcome inertia and generate momentum. Once this initial momentum is created, you can ride it and use it as motivational energy to attack the less appealing work that comes later in your work sequencewhich often turns out to be less onerous or anxiety-provoking than you thought it would be. Many times, the anticipation of a daunting task is worse than the task itself. In one major study of college students who didn't start a project until just before its due date, it was found that that they experienced anxiety and guilt while they were procrastinating, but once they began working, these negative emotions subsided and were replaced by more positive feelings of progress and accomplishment. Another study found that the areas of the brain where pain is experienced are active before procrastinating students began doing their work but became deactivated once they started working. If you have trouble beginning your work due to start-up stress, try starting your work in an environment that you find pleasant and relaxing while doing something you find pleasant and relaxing (e.g., working in your favorite coffee shop while sipping your favorite beverage). " " "The secret to getting ahead is getting started. Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), acclaimed American humorist and author "Did you ever dread doing something, and then it turned out to take only about 20 minutes to do? Conversation between two college students overheard in a coffee shop 80

If you don't have trouble starting your work but lose motivation before completing it, schedule easier and more interesting work tasks in the middle or toward the end of your planned work time. Some procrastinators have difficulty starting work; others have trouble continuing and finishing the work they've started. As previously mentioned, if you have trouble beginning your work, it might be best for you to start with tasks that you find easier or more interesting. On the other hand, if your procrastination involves stopping your work before completing it, then it might be better to attack easier and more interesting tasks at a later point in your work sequenceat a time when your interest and energy tends to fade. Knowing that there are more stimulating and manageable tasks ahead of you can also provide you with an incentive for completing the less enjoyable or more difficult tasks first. If you are close to completing a task, "go for the kill"finish it then and thererather than stopping and going back to it later. As the old saying goes: "There's no time like the present." By continuing to work on a task that you already started, you capitalize on the momentum you've already generated. In contrast, postponing work on a task that's near completion and going back to it again later means that you have to overcome start-up inertia and regenerate momentum all over again. There's another advantage of finishing a task that's already been startedit provides a sense of closurea feeling of personal accomplishment and self-satisfaction that comes with knowing you've "closed the deal." Seeing a task checked off as completed supplies you with a visible sign of achievement that can motivate you to keep going and tackle the next task. (Complete the Achieve WORKS Learning and Productivity Self-Assessment. Take a close look at these results and the results of your Achieve WORK Personality Self-Assessment. What do these two reports say about your inclination to finish tasks and activities? What suggestions offered by these two self-assessments could help you stay on task and increase productivity?) Divide large work tasks into smaller, bite-sized pieces. Work becomes less overwhelming and less stressful when it's handled in small chunks or segments. Procrastinating about large work tasks can be reduced by using a "divide and conquer" strategydivide the large task into smaller, more manageable subtasks, set deadlines for these smaller tasks just like you would the final product, and attack the small tasks one at a time. By breaking down the total task into smaller pieces, you can take quick jabs at the tall task, poke holes in it, and whittle down its size with each successive punch. This divide-and-conquer approach reduces the pressure of having to deliver one, big knockout punch right before the final bell (deadline or due date). Don't underestimate the power of short work sessions; they can be more productive than marathon sessions because it's easier to maintain motivation, concentration, and energy for shorter periods of time.

Next, find another credible source of information on time management. This source can include a book, article, or website.

Select each of the strategies on overcoming and preventing procrastination that are important and can be put into practice.

Next, search the internet for another resource to find a third strategy. Don't forget to consider the validity of the internet source.

Then address the following:

1. Explain each strategy and how it can be used in every day life.
2. Address the challenges that could come with implementing each strategy.
3. What support will be needed to make the strategy successful work for each one?
4. It is important to reference in APA 7 to support where each strategy was found and establish a reference . A formal reference can be developed for (1) the textbook chapter and (2) the additional source found on the internet.