Human Motivation Study Guide

• Definition of Motivation
• Ways to measure motivation
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Motivation
• Goal theory- prospect vs. expected utility theory
• Factors influencing goal pursuit and achievement
• Writing an appropriate goal
• ABCs of Behavior
• Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
• Effect of short term vs long term reinforcers on motivation
• Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic motivators
• Natural reinforcers vs. Rewards
• Learned helplessness
• Physiological Needs
• Mechanisms controlling hunger
• Arousal/Homeostasis/Set-Point theory
• Affective forecasting errors
• Growth Mindset (including Angela Duckworth and Carol Dweck)
• Psychological Needs: Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness
• What makes for a good day?
• Research on providing Choice
• Flow
• Psychological Reactance
• Self-management
• Self-control (e.g. the marshmallow study)
• Priming research
• Ways to enhance creativity
• Free will vs. Determinism (from Crash Course video)
• Definition of Emotion James-Lange and Attribution Theories of Emotion
• The Universal Emotions
• Functions of Emotions
• The effects of facial expression on behavior (e.g. Strack, Martin, & Stepper, 1988 study, emotional contagion, etc.)
• The most common daily emotion
• The Plain Packaging Campaign in Australia
• Research on lie-detection/polygraphs
• Tests of Implicit motives (including the The Implicit Associations Test (IAT))
• Positive Psychology (including Martin Seligman talk)
• Strategies to Increase Happiness

Historical Theories:

- Freud's drive theory

- Hedonism

-Instinct Theory

- Will theory