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11. The endorphins released by the brain act as natural painkillers. For example, Gintzler (1970) monitored endorphin activity and pain thresholds in pregnant rats during the days before they gave birth. The data showed an increase in pain threshold as the pregnancy pro- gressed. The change was gradual until 1 or 2 days before birth, at which point there was an abrupt increase in pain threshold. Apparently a natural painkilling mechanism was preparing the animals for the stress of giving birth. The following data represent pain-threshold scores similar to the results obtained by Gintzler. Do these data indicate a significant change in pain threshold? Use a repeated-measures ANOVA with o =.01. Days Before Giving Birth Subject 7 5 3 A 39 40 49 52 B 38 39 44 55 C 44 46 50 60 D 40 42 46 56 E 34 33 41 5211. The means and standard deviations for the four mea- surement days are as follows: 7 days 5 days 3 days 1 day M = 39 M = 40 M = 46 M = 55 S = 3.61 S = 4.73 S = 3.67 S = 3.32 Source SS df MS Between Treatments 810 3 270 F(3, 12) = 28 Within Treatments 240 16 Between Subjects 208 4 Error 32 12 2.67 Total 1050 19 With a = .01, the critical value is 5.95. There are sig- nificant differences