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Case study 2011-01 THE FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF BP'S RESPONSE TO THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL COMPARING DAMAGE VALUATION APPROACHES & HIGHLIGHTING THE NEED FOR MORE RELIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING JOL HOUDET & CHARLES GERMANEAU THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL : THE KEY POINTS T he Deepwater Horizon oil spill, also known as the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill or the BP Oil Spill, is the largest marine oil spill in US history. It was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform about 50 miles southeast of the Mississippi River delta on April 20, 2010. After a series of failed efforts to plug the leak, BP said on July 15 that it had capped the well, stopping the flow of oil into the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in 86 days. Though the rate of oil release rapidly became the subject of intense debate, the current consensus is that roughly five million barrels of oil were released by the Macondo well, with about 4.2 million barrels pouring into the waters of the Gulf of Mexico (Cleveland 2010). Estimates of the extent of the surface oil slick vary widely (derived from data on wind / ocean current forecasts, aerial photography and satellite imagery): for instance, Skytruth1 has estimated the total oil-slick footprint at 68,000 square miles. Figure 1: Cumulated oil slick from April 25 until July 16 2010 (Skytruth) 1 2 BP was the principal developer of the Macondo Prospect oil field where the accident occurred. The Deepwater Horizon, owned by Transocean Ltd., was under a contract with BP to drill an exploratory well. At the time of the explosion, BP and Transocean were in the process of closing the well in anticipation of later production, while Halliburton had recently completed cementing of casings in the well. The U.S. Government named BP as the responsible party in the incident and will apparently hold the company accountable for all cleanup costs resulting from the oil spill. Though BP has accepted responsibility for it as well as the ensuing cleanup costs, it has recently indicated that Transocean and Halliburton both deserved considerable blame for the disaster (Cleveland 2010). THE FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF BP'S RESPONSE TO DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL O n February 1 2011, BP released its group income statement for the fourth quarter of 2010. It reflects a pretax charge of US$40.9 billion related to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which includes US$17.7 billion of costs effectively incurred for 20102. All charges relating to the incident have been treated as non-operating items and were deduced from taxable income. This includes a US$20billion escrow account BP has agreed to establish over the next 3.5 years by the sale of US assets. The escrow account will be available to satisfy legitimate claims adjudicated by the independent Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), final judgments in litigation and litigation settlements, state and local response costs, and costs related to natural resource damages. Notably, BP has committed to fund up to $500 million for a 10-year research programme studying the impact of (a) the Gulf of Mexico oil spill and (b) its associated response on the marine and shoreline ecosystems. The group has also agreed to fund the $360-million cost of six berms in the Louisiana barrier islands project. Non-governmental organization which diffuses sattelite imagery to the general public for environmental education purpose The remaining amounts relate to contingent liabilities for which considerable uncertainties may occur. 1/5 SYNERGIZ www.synergiz.fr contact@synergiz.fr THE FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF BP'S RESPONSE TO THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL COMPARING DAMAGE VALUATION APPROACHES & HIGHLIGHTING THE NEED FOR MORE RELIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING Figure 2: Financial impacts of non-operating charges linked to the BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill response for the first two quarters of 2010 (BP 2010, p.6) 3 Yet, the charge does not reflect any amounts relating to fines and penalties, except for those which might arise from proven strict liability under the Clean Water Act (this can reach up to US$4,300 per barrel of oil spilled if gross negligence is found). BP has argued that it was not possible to estimate reliably either the amount or timing of such additional amounts. THE CHALLENGE OF ASSESSING ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DAMAGES : THE VALUE LOSS VS. THE REPLACEMENT COST APPROACH In other words, the significant uncertainty regarding the total amounts the company will ultimately have to pay implies that the US$20-billion escrow account cannot represent a liability cap. According to BP (2010), the ultimate exposure will be dependent on many factors, including the date that the flow of hydrocarbons from the MC252 well is permanently halted, the amount of oil that is ultimately discharged, the time taken in clean-up activities (undertaken on an unprecedented scale) and the number, nature and amount of claims that ultimately arise. According to Costanza et al. (2010), the spill has directly and indirectly affected at least 20 categories of valuable ecosystem services in and around the Gulf of Mexico (e.g. almost complete shutdown of the US$2.5 billion per year Louisiana commercial fishery), including non-marketed ones such as climate regulation (sequestration of carbon by coastal marshes and open water systems), hurricane protection by coastal wetlands, and cultural, recreational, and aesthetic values. ! T he ecological and economic impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill will be very difficult to quantify in both space and time3. Quantifying damages will be highly challenging due to the lack of exhaustive socio-ecological data sets pre-dating the oil spill for affected areas. 2/5 SYNERGIZ www.synergiz.fr contact@synergiz.fr THE FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF BP'S RESPONSE TO THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL COMPARING DAMAGE VALUATION APPROACHES & HIGHLIGHTING THE NEED FOR MORE RELIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING A recently released study (Batker et al., 2010) roughly estimated the total value of these ecosystem services for the Mississippi River Delta to be in the range of US$12-47 billion per year. If one assumes that it will be the most affected region and that there will be a 10 to 50 percent reduction in the ecosystem services provided by the Delta as a result of the oil spill, the value of lost ecosystem services would amount to $1.2 - $23.5 billion per year into the indefinite future (until ecological recovery), or $34 - $670 billion in present value (at a 3.5 percent discount rate; Costanza et al., 2010). As soon as methods for measuring ecosystem services reach a more mature phase, plaintiffs, trustees, and courts will most likely have powerful tools in their hands for assessing marine liability damages. For now, given current scientific and economic knowledge, the scale of penalties is more likely to be resolved through political bargaining than technical calculation. This might explain why BP has neither fully disclosed the details of ecosystem and social damages, nor the underlying calculation methodologies of its pre-tax charge of US$40.9 billion. Such information would have been critical to (1) assess the pertinence of the global amounts charged (i.e. are there any negative externalities4 still unaccounted for?) and (2) understand the amplitude of restoration efforts to be undertaken as regards to the ecosystem assets and values which have been lost or partially / temporarily impaired. If one can easily understand the fiscal advantages of deducing from taxable income this substantial non-operating charge, BP's limited disclosure does not provide stakeholders with the full picture of the financial, environmental and social implications of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Figure 3 : Beach clean-up efforts in Louisiana, May 23 2010 (Deepwater Horizon Response; Flickr) In practice however, government trustees understandably have found it difficult to rigorously measure lost ecosystem goods and services (Boyd 2010); the methodological foundations and end-results of such studies being often highly contested by stakeholders (Chevassus-au-Louis et al., 2009). As an alternative, agencies have focused on a more practical route to assessing damages: the resource replacement cost approach (i.e. goal is to replace lost economic and ecological wealth via restoration). In other words, by soliciting restoration bids and using those monetary costs as a concrete focus in damage negotiations, they avoid measuring lost social wealth (and its associated costs and uncertainties). However, not all biophysical damages are obvious or predictable. As argued by Boyd (2010, p. 19), \"(t)his raises the possibility that physical damages are under-estimated given the challenge of demonstrating causally related effects. The economic problem with the approach is that costs are not the same as benefits. A focus on restoration costs as the measure of damages can lead to both over- and underdeterrence, depending on the relationship of restoration costs to the true social cost of the physical damages\". Figure 4: The Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform on fire (Us Coast Guards; Wikimedia Commons) 4 An externality (or transaction spillover) is a cost or benefit, not transmitted through prices, incurred by a party who did not agree to the action causing the cost or benefit. A benefit in this case is called a positive externality or external benefit, while a cost is called a negative externality or external cost ; as in the case of the BP oil spill. 3/5 SYNERGIZ www.synergiz.fr contact@synergiz.fr THE FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF BP'S RESPONSE TO THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL COMPARING DAMAGE VALUATION APPROACHES & HIGHLIGHTING THE NEED FOR MORE RELIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING TOWARDS INCREASED REGULATION FOR OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES WORLDWIDE ? THE NEED FOR MORE RELIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING T he Deepwater Horizon oil spill is likely to result in more stringent regulation of oil and gas activities in the US and elsewhere, particularly relating to environmental, health and safety protection controls and oversight of drilling operations, as well as in terms of access to new drilling areas. As put by BP itself (2010, p. 33), \"significant uncertainties over the extent and timing of costs and liabilities relating to the incident and the changes in the regulatory and operating environment that may result from the incident have increased the risks to which the group is exposed. These uncertainties are likely to continue for a significant period. These risks have had and are expected to have a material adverse impact on the group's business, competitive position, cash flows, prospects, liquidity, shareholder returns and/or implementation of its strategic agenda.\" Such an acknowledgement strongly builds the case for integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services metrics into the environmental risk management procedures and information systems of all businesses operating hazardous assets. Furthermore, the need for more reliable environmental accounting and reporting practices has to be emphasized if we want to become serious about corporate environmental performance. In South Africa, the drive towards integrated reporting for JSE-listed companies may just provide that opportunity (IRC 2011): putting together financial, social and environmental (monetary and non-monetary) information, side-by-side and in a meaningful format, could ensure the reliable disclosure of the integrated performance of organizations to stakeholders (Houdet 2010). To that end, the systematic disclosure of the following information in integrated annual reports should be encouraged and standardized : 1. The up-to-date status and trends of ecosystems within which the reporting entity operates: i.e. spatiotemporal information for all directly and indirectly-controlled assets (including joint-ventures) so as to ensure that stakeholders have reliable ecological reference points prior to any potential impact, accident or development; which would imply collaborating with research bodies, public institutions or NGO's for collecting, processing and diffusing the relevant ecosystem data sets; 2. The social and ecological externalities of the reporting entity (recurring impacts or exceptional accidents), with respect to its dependencies and impacts on all ecosystem services (inclusive of climate regulation, water consumption and biodiversity) (Houdet et al., 2010) and through both quantitative non-monetary and monetary metrics (e.g. Huizing & Deker, 1992); 3. Summarized tables for all environmental revenues, charges and liabilities, calculation methods at the basis of all material environmental transactions and explanations for the potential gaps between the latter and estimated externalities; Figure 5: Oiled brown pelican at the Fort Jackson Bird Rehabilitation Center in Louisiana, May 20 2010 (International Bird Rescue Research Center; Flickr) 4. As regards to Environmental Impact Assessments, (a) the methods used to design biodiversity and ecosystem services offset measures (i.e. ecological equivalencies between what is lost and realized offsets) and (b) systematic ex-post assessments of the ecological efficacy of all mitigation measures undertaken, inclusive of aforementioned offsets. Given the deteriorating image of firms regarding their Biodiversity Footprint (Houdet 2010; IFOP 2010), the goal would be nothing less than regaining stakeholder trust, especially for the mining and retailing industries. 4/5 SYNERGIZ www.synergiz.fr contact@synergiz.fr THE FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF BP'S RESPONSE TO THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL COMPARING DAMAGE VALUATION APPROACHES & HIGHLIGHTING THE NEED FOR MORE RELIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING References : Boyd, J., 2010. Lost ecosystem goods and services as a measure of marine oil pollution damages. Resources for the Future DP 10-31, 25p. Batker, D.P., de la Torre, I., Costanza, R., Swedeen, P., Day, J.W., Jr., Boumans, R., Bagstad, K., 2010. Gaining ground - Wetlands, hurricanes and the economy: the value of restoring the Mississippi River Delta. Earth Economics Tacoma, WA. BP p.l.c., 2010. Group results Second quarter and half year 2010. Consult le 20 Octobre; URL:http://www.bp.com/ liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/ downloads/B/bp_ second_quarter_2010_results.pdf BP p.l.c., 2011. Group results Fourth quarter 2010. Accessed on March 15 at http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_ internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/B/ bp_fourth_quarter_2010_results.pdf Chevassus-au-Louis, B., salles, J.-M., Pujol, J.-l., 2009. Approche conomique de la biodiversit et des services lis aux cosystmes. Contribution la dcision publique. Centre d'Analyse Stratgique. Report to the Prime Minister. Accessed on November 6 2009 at http://www.strategie. gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_bio_v2.pdf Cleveland, C., 2010. Deepwater Horizon oil spill [online]. The Encyclopedia of Earth. Accessed on October 25 at http://www.eoearth.org/article/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_ spill Costanza, R., Batker, D., Day, J., Feagin, R.A., Martinez, M.L., Roman, J., 2010. The Perfect Spill: Solutions for Averting the Next Deepwater Horizon. Accessed on October 25 at http://www.thesolutionsjournal.comode/629 Houdet, J., Trommetter, M., Weber, J., 2010. Promoting business reporting standards The Biodiversity Accountability Framework. Ore, 16p. Accessed on October 24 at URL: http://www.oree.org/_scripttsp-document-file_download.php?document_id=819&document_ file_id=821 Huizing, A., Dekker, C., 1992. Helping to pull our planet out of the red: an environment report of BSO/Origin. Accounting, Organizations and Society 17(5), 449-458. IFOP, 2010. Baromtre \"Entreprise et Biodiversit\". Commissioned by WWF France. Accessed on October 24 at URL: http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/1258-1-study_file. pdf Integrated Reporting Committee (IRC), 2011. Framework for integrated reporting and the integrated report. Discussion paper. IRC of South Africa, 28p. Accessed on March 15 at http://www.sustainabilitysa.org/IntegratedReporting/TheIntegratedReportingCommitteeIRC.aspx Recommended citation : Houdet, J., Germaneau, C., 2011. The financial implications of BP's response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Comparing damage valuation approaches & highlighting the need for more reliable environmental accounting and reporting. Case study 2011-01, Synergiz - A@L Integrated Sustainability Services, 5p. This report was translated from French in March 2011 (original report published in October 2010) with the support of : A@L Integrated Sustainability Services. Houdet, J., 2010. Entreprises, biodiversit et services cosystmiques. Quelles interactions et stratgies? Quelles comptabilits? Thse de Doctorat, Sciences de Gestion, AgroParisTech - ABIES, 342p. Accessed on October 24 at URL : http://www.synergiz.fr/author/These_JHoudet_2510.pdf 5/5 SYNERGIZ www.synergiz.fr contact@synergiz.fr HA3051 Accounting Theory Assignment 2 Term 1 2016 Assessment Value: 20% Instructions: 1. This assignment is to be submitted in accordance with assessment policy stated in the Subject Outline and Student Handbook. 2. This assignment is to be conducted between two to four people. 3. It is the responsibility of the student who is submitting the work, to ensure that the work is in fact her/his own work. Incorporating another's work or ideas into one's own work without appropriate acknowledgement is an academic offence. Students can submit all assignments for plagiarism checking (self-check) on Blackboard before final submission in the subject. For further details, please refer to the Subject Outline and Student Handbook. 4. Word limit: Whilst there is not a maximum limit, the minimum is 500 words per person (please ensure each member's contribution is clearly shown) 5. Maximum marks available: 20 marks. 6. Due date of submission: Friday Week 10 Assignment requirements You are to respond to the assigned research publication. You should research assigned article and clarify, what you feel is the meaning behind that article, giving consideration to the various theories under the umbrella of the Public GROUP ASSIGNMENT Interest Theory and what of the role of regulators (politicians)? What are the motivations of politicians as regulators? You should then respond to the article by arguing a position. Do you agree or disagree, explaining why. You should give consideration to events in recent years that may have had an influence. Websites that may assist: AASB (website of Australian Accounting Standards Board) IASB (website of International Accounting Standards Board) FASB (website of US-based Financial Accounting Standards Board ICAA (Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia) CPAA (Certified Practising Accountants Australia) It is also recommended that you utilise Proquest and Google Scholar as well as Financial review, the Age and BRW (Business Review Weekly) Marks will be given on the soundness of your argument, research conducted, quality of report (presentation, referencing) and the understanding of the issues. Each report will be assessed as a group so ensure that, as a group you are satisfied with the contribution of each member. Report structure: should consist of summary (overview), introduction, points of discussion and conclusion. Ensure that all references are clearly identified in accordance with Harvard or APA (refer to your student handbook if unsure)