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excerpts from The Proceedings of the Governor and Assembly of Jamaica in Regard to the Maroon Negroes (London: John Stockdale, 1796), i-xvi. Jamaica, as everyone knows, was conquered [by England] from the Spaniards...in 1655...[who] possessed, before the attack, about 1,500 enslaved Africans, most of whom, on the surrender of their masters, retreated to the masters, from when they made frequent excursions to harass the English. Major-general [Robert] Sedgewick, one of the British officers, in a letter to Secretary Thurloe (1650), predicts, that these blacks would prove a thorn in the side of the English. He adds, that they gave no quarter to his men, but destroyed them whenever they found opportunity; scarce a week passing without their murdering one or more of them.. . At the latter part of the same year (1656) the army gained some trifling success against them; but this was immediately afterwards severely retaliated by the slaughter of forty soldiers... A detachment was immediately sent in pursuit of the enemy, which came up with and killed seven or eight of them.. . The main body, under command of a negro named Juan de Bolas (whose place of retreat in the parish of Clarendon still retains his name) at length solicited for peace, and surrendered to the English on terms of pardon freedom. A large party, however (who had now acquired the name of Maroons) remained in their retreats within the mountains; where they not only augmented their numbers by natural increase, but, after the island became thicker sown with plantations, they were frequently reinforced by fugitive slaves... In 1663 the Lieutenant-governor, Sir Charles Lyttelment, and his council, issued a proclamation offering a full pardon, twenty acres of land, and freedom from all manner of slavery, to each of them who should surrender. But I do not find that any of them were inclined to accept the terms offered... On the contrary, they were better pleased with the more ample range they possessed in the woods, where their hunting groups were not yet encroached upon by settlements... When the Governor perceived that the proclamation wrought no effect, Juan de Bolas, who was now made Colonel of the Black Regiment, was sent to endeavour their reduction; but in the prosecution of this service he fell into an ambuscade, and was cut to pieces. In March 1664, Captain Colbeck, of the white militia, was employed for the same purpose. He was sent by sea to the north side; and having gained some advantages over the Maroons, he returned with one who pretended to treat for the rest. This embassy, however, was only calculated to amuse the whites, and gain some respite, for the Maroons no sooner found themselves in a condition to act, and the white inhabitants lulled into security, than they began to renew hostilities, murdering, as before, every white person, without distinction of sex or age, who came within their reach. In this way they continued to distress the island for upward of forty years, during which time forty-four acts of Assembly were passed and at least f240,000 expended for their suppression. In 1730 they were grown so formidable, under a very able general, named Cudjoe, that it was found expedient to strengthen the colony against them by two regiments of regular troops.. .In the year 1734 Captain Stoddard... executed with great success, an attack on the Maroon windward town, called Nauny, situate[d] on one of the highest mountains in the island. Having provided some portable swivel guns, he silently approached, and reached within a small distance of their quarters undiscovered. After halting, for some time, he began to ascent by the only path leading to their town. He found it steep, rocky, and difficult, and not wide enough to admit passage of two persons abreast. However, he surmounted these obstacles; and having gained a small eminence, commanding the huts in which the negroes were asleep, he fixed his little train of artillery to the best advantage, and fired upon them so briskly; that many were slain in theirhabitations, and several more threw themselves headlong down precipices. Captain Stoddard pursued the advantage, killed numbers, took many prisoners, and in short so completely destroyed, or routed the whole body, that they were unable afterward to affect any enterprise of moment in this quarter of the island... About the year \"37, the Assembly resolved on taking two hundred of the Mosquito Indians into their pay, to hasten the suppression of the Maroons. They passed an act for rendering free Negroes, Mulattoes, and Indians more usell, and forming them into companies. . .Some sloops were dispatched to the Mosquito shore; and that number of Indians was brought into the island, formed into companies under their own officers, and allowed forty shillings a month for pay, besides shoes and other articles. IWhite guides were assigned to conduct them to the enemy. . .They effected comiderable service, and were, indeed the most proper troops to be employed in that species of action, which is known in America by the name of mishft'ght'ing. They were all rewarded for their good conduct, and afterwards dismissed to their own country, when the pacication took place with the Maroons. In ['83, Governor [Edward] Trelawny by the advice of the principal gentlemen of the island, proposed overtures of peace with the Maroon chiefs. Both parties were not grown heartily, wearied out with the tedious conicts. The white inhabitants wished relief from the horrors of continual alarms, the hardship of military duty, and the intolerable burtben of maintaining the army. The Maroons were not less anxious for an accommodation: they were hemmed in, and closely beset on all sides; their provisions destroyed, and themselves reduced to so miserable condition, by famine and incessant attacks that Cudjoe afterwards declared, that if peace had not been offered to them, they had not choice le but either to he starved, lay violent hands on thenselves, or surrendered to the English at discretion. The extremity of their case, however, was not at that time lmown to the white inhabitants, and their number was supposed to be twice as great as it was afterwards found to be. The articles of pacication. . .were therefore ratied with the Maroon chiefs, and fifteen hundred acres of land assigned to one body of them, and one thousand acres to another, which the legislature secured to them and their posterity in perpetuity. The Assembly, by subsequent laws, augmented the premium allowed the Maroons for apprehending fugitive slaves, to three pounds per head; and they passed many other regulations for their better govermnent and protection, for preventing their purchasing and harbouring negro slaves, and for directing in what manner they should be tried in the case of felony, and other crimes conunitted against the whites, and thus an end was at length happily put to the tedious and minous contest, a contest which, while it lasted seemed to portend nothing less than the ruin of the whole colony. excerpt from the pamphlet The Condition ofthe Belgian Workmen, New Rergees in England London: T. Fisher Unwih, Ltd, 191?. Obviously in the hope of minimizing the disastrous impression which the deportation of Belgian workmen into Germany has made upon the entire world, the Kdlnt'sehe Eeinrng [a German newspaper] has inserted into its issue No. 1224 of 2\" December 19 [6, a communication from a correspondent in Zurich. . .under the title: The Enslmment of Belgians by England, '"the condition of the Belgian workmen, who have taken refuge in England is not far removed from slavery. The British Government has systematically produced the removal of Belgian refugees 'om Holland and France into England, where they are treated after the fashion of coolies in the plantations of Ceylon and India. . .\" The Belgian Department of Records has obtained in London denite information relative to the condition of the Belgian workmen who are in Great Britain. The material which it has collected completely disproves the dissertation which the Kdlni'scne Zai'mng has reproduced, and shows the cue facts of the case to he as follows. 1. THE EMPLOYMENT OF BELGIANS No Belgian is forced to work in England. The unemployed workman may apply for assistance, as may all English workmen, to the various \"Labour Exchanges." GUARANTEE AGAINST THE EXPLOITATION OF BELGIAN LABOUR. The Board of Trade has been careful, in order to prevent the exploitation of Belgian labour, to impose upon all employers of such labour the necessity of obtaining an authorization, which is only given after the proposed employer has been examined as to whether he is able to offer satisfactory guarantees fmm the point of view of morality, and will bind himself to pay the wages required by the English Standard Time Rates of Wages. WORK IS OPTIONAL. Where the freedom of the workman to change his employment is concerned, the same regulations apply to Belgian as to English workmen. These regulations are designed to safeguard the general interests of the Allies by preventing not only wastage during the production of commodities, but also sabotage. . .Generally speaking, the Belgian workmen who wish to change their place of employment, whether in order to improve their positions or to do their own special work, always obtain their leaving certificate. English employers show thenwelves Jfriendly to such designs. WAGES. The wages which are paid to Belgian workmen are the same as those provided for by the English Standard Rate of Wages. . .As regards to the hours of labour, no difference whatever is made between Belgian and British subjects... REFUGEE CAMPS. There are no concentration camps for Belgian refugees, but at Earl's Court and Edmonton there are Homes where such families as are without means of support are received, together with the old people and those workmen whose physique and mental condition make them untted for employment. Men who are out of work. and their families may live these homes free of charge. Here everyone fmds lodging, food, and a peculiarly friendly and helpil welcome and supervision. Communities of charitable people concern themselves energetically with the welcome of their refugees. There are schools conducted by Belgian masters. . .the domestic work of these Homes is done by reigees, who in return are given a small wage [E to ll] shillings a week]. Since the hospitality which the refugees enjoy is given to them, this payment is more in the nature of a gift than a wage... I]. THE BELGLAN LABOR DEPARTMENT THE SUB~DEPARTMENT FCIR LEGAL ASSISTANCE. This sub-department deals with all matters which require the attention of a lawyer. It gives advice upon legal questions, both to the other sub-departments and to the workmen and employers who apply to it for assistance. It defends workmen gratuitously in the courts of law, and its special duty is to obtain compensation for injuries sustained in the course of the workmen's employment. ..Up to the present this sub- department has taken action in MI] cases. Furthermore. it has intervened usefully in great numbers of arbitratiom, agreements, trade union disputes, etc... The Labour Department has, irthermore, brought into existence a Company for Imurance against sickness: \"L' Union Belge,\" which was created under the direct approval of the highest Belgian Authorities, and has been recognized by the British government. This Company offers to Belgian workmen, subject in England to all compulsory insurance against sickness, all those advantages which English companies confer upon insurers of English birth. The National Health hwurance Conunission, with which the Union Belge is affiliated, lends to its powerful assistance, and has very kindly promised to help the founders in all matters which may arise during the otation... To conclude, apart from these ofcial organizations which are concerned to watch over the welfare and conditions of work of the Belgian refugees, it is necessary to mention the innumerable undertakings for whose creation the individual initiative of inuential Belgians and English people is responsible. These devote thenwelves to the assistance of soldiers on half pay, of children and the sick. They busy themselves with the instruction of the refugees and with the distraction of their enforced leisure, relieving in every possible way the mental misery which their exile causes them. They even extend their activities as far m the Belgian front, where they look after the comfort of the soldiers... The correspondent of the. . .newspaper of Zurich, whose assertation the German Prem has exhibited so much alacrity is reproducing, instead of being satisfied to repeat nonseme which on Belgian in England can read without contempt, would have done better to acquire a little information from the sources of Belgian activity in England and from the thousanrh of workmen who, thanks to their high wages, are already beginning to save a little store of money which shall help them in their task of rebuilding that Belgium which Germany has reduced to ruins