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Pollution Prevention, P2 Investment Heaps Company produces jewelry that requires electroplating with gold, silver, and other valuable metals. Electroplating uses large amounts of water and chemicals, producing wastewater with a number of toxic residuals. Currently, Heaps uses settlement tanks to remove waste; unfortunately, the approach is inefficient, and much of the toxic residue is left in the water that is discharged into a local river. The amount of toxic discharge exceeds the legal, allowable amounts, and the company is faced with substantial, ongoing environmental fines. The environmental violations are also drawing unfavorable public reaction, and sales are being affected. A lawsuit is also impending, which could prove to be quite costly. Management is now considering the installation of a zero-discharge, closed-loop system to treat the wastewater. The proposed closed-loop system would not only purify the wastewater, but also produce cleaner water than that currently being used, increasing plating quality. The closed-loop system would produce only four pounds of sludge, and the sludge would be virtually pure metal, with significant market value. The system requires an investment of $630,000 and will cost $45,000 in increased annual operation plus an annual purchase of $7,500 of filtration medium. However, management projects the following savings: Water usage $ 67,500 Chemical usage 442,000 Sludge disposal 90,000 Recovered metal sales 45,000 Sampling of discharge 120,000 Total $364,500 The equipment qualifies as a seven-year MACRS asset. Management has decided to use straight-line depreciation for tax purposes, using the required half-year convention. The tax rate is 40 percent. The projected life of the system is 10 years. The hurdle rate is 16 percent for all capital budgeting projects, although the company's cost of capital is 12 percent. The present value tables provided in Exhibit 198.1 and Exhibit 198.2 must be used to solve the following problems. Required: 1. Based on the financial data provided, prepare a schedule of expected cash flows. Enter cash outflows as negative amounts and cash inflows as positive amounts. Heaps Company Schedule of Expected Cash Flow Year 0 Year 1: Operating costs Savings Depreciation shield Total Years 27: Operating costs Savings Du0 Depreciation shield Total Year 8: Operating costs Savings Depreciation shield Total Years 910: Operating costs Savings Total 2. What is the payback period? Round your answer to two decimal places. years 3. Calculate the NPV of the closed-loop system. Round intermediate calculations and the final answer to the nearest dollar. Should the company invest in the system? 4. The calculation in Requirement 3 ignored several factors that could affect the project's viability: savings from avoiding the annual fines, positive effect on sales due to favorable environmental publicity, increased plating quality from the new system, and the avoidance of the lawsuit. Can these factors be quantified