• ***I have the Abstract and the implications I just need help getting this part..State the reported confidence interval(s) estimate in two ways:
• the upper and lower limits
• the sample proportion the error term
• (don't forget to include the confidence level)
• State the meaning of the confidence interval(s).
• Can a reported mean of your article data be treated as a value from a population having a normal distribution? Why or why not?

I just need help finding these values

Use theHunt Library Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)(Links to an external site.)

to find an article that meets the following criteria.

• Peer-reviewed.
• Full text available on ERIC.
• Contains the words "Confidence Interval"or"Confidence Intervals."

Download the full-text article and four-paragraph (maximum) critique of the article. Follow the guidelines in theWriting Article Critiquespage.

Post & Discuss

Post yourfour paragraph (maximum) article critique, include your article as an attachment (or a link to the article), and then address the following:

• Do you believe the results? Why or why not?
• State the reported confidence interval(s) estimate in two ways:
• the upper and lower limits
• the sample proportion the error term
• (don't forget to include the confidence level)
• State the meaning of the confidence interval(s).
• Can a reported mean of your article data be treated as a value from a population having a normal distribution? Why or why not?

You should make your initial post before the fourth day of the module week to receive full credit. Return at least once later in the module week to provide meaningful comments to two or more of your classmates' posts. DO NOT "post and run" - making all three posts in the same visit. You need multiple visits to the discussion area to gain multiple perspectives by reading all of the posts and replies.

Review the Discussion Rubric for detailed grading information.

ARTICLE

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

The leading cause of nonfatal injuries in age group 1419 is sports injuries. Purpose of the study was to determine the association between intense physical activity and injury and to identify the circumstances and environment in which injuries are most likely to occur.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study included 698 high school students 1519years old, divided into those exposed and those unexposed to intense physical activity. The international standard questionnaire about physical activity (International Physical Activity QuestionnaireIPAQ) and the metabolic equivalent task (MET) scores were used.

RESULTS

The risk of injuries was 7 times higher (relative risk [RR]: 7.041; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.071, 8.187) and the risk of injuries requiring treatment in health facilities was 15 times higher (RR: 14.717; 95% CI: 10.652, 20.592) in the intensely physically active adolescents. The risk of gaining sports injuries was 11 times higher in the exposed group (RR: 11.212; 95% CI: 9.013, 14.074), with a significantly higher incidence rate (Inc.) among men (82.9 per 100). Most injuries occurred in football (Inc. 4.4 per 1000hours), volleyball (Inc. 3.9 per 1000hours), and boxing/kickboxing (Inc. 3.7 per 1000 hours).

CONCLUSIONS

Intensely physically active high school students have a much higher risk of injury, which usually occurs during training or a match.

Individuals within the age group 1519years are more vulnerable to injury than other young people.1-3 Although it is unquestionably proven that regular moderate physical activity has a beneficial effect on the health of adolescents, the leading cause of nonfatal injuries in this age group are sports injuries.4 The intensity of physical activity is particularly relevant for estimation of the optimal dose of physical activity, because the intensity is the major contributor to medical complications caused by exercise.5, 6 Results of several studies suggest that when evaluating the doseresponse, potential risks for the target population should also be taken into consideration, not just the dose that induces the greatest health benefits. The more intense the exercises and greater the dose of physical activity, the more frequent are the health risks. In recent years, an increasing number of young people has been involved in intense training, with high levels of competitive activity from an early age, increasing the exposure to injuries.7 Although most injuries associated with sports and recreational activities are not life threatening, nonetheless they cause direct pain and suffering, and shortterm or longterm incapacity. In addition, the consequences, such as abandonment of further sports activity and disability, are more serious with high direct and indirect health care and social costs.8 Withdrawal from further physical activity is a particular public health problem, due to the longterm health consequences of absence of physical activity in adulthood.9-11

The purpose of the study was to find the relationship between intense physical activity and injury in a high school cohort and to report how the risk factors for injuries are related to the behavior and the environment in which the physical activityrelated injury was most likely to occur.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study among the high school students age 1519years was conducted for 12months during 2012 and 2013.

Setting

The study was conducted in 5 high schools (45% of high schools) in Subotica, Serbia. A stratified random sample was used, and the strata were determined in the way to provide the territorial representation of the area and type of high schools (professional orientation, age of students). Selection of classes within each school was conducted by the method of random numbers.

Participants

The sample included 700 respondents from 5 secondary schools (gymnasium, medical, economic, technical, and chemicaltechnological school). The sample represents 11% of high school students in Subotica. The total sample consisted of 41% male, 59% female students.

Instruments

This preselection process was carried out by the short form of the international standardized questionnaire about physical activity (International Physical Activity QuestionnaireIPAQShort Form, rev. version 2005).12, 13 The questionnaire provides separate scores for each type of activity: intense, moderate, and easy. The assessment was carried out through engagement in 4 domains: (1) light exercise/walk; (2) moderate physical activity; (3) intense physical activity; and (4) the time spent at rest (sitting/lying down). The questions were focused on the time a person spent doing physical activity and rest during the previous 7 days.

All injuries that occurred during the 12month study period were registered through a structured questionnaire, modified for research purposes (Adolescent Injury ChecklistAIC), completed by students.14 Injuries that did not require medical aid were also included. The questionnaire on injuries had 5 domains: sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents; habits and behavior; physical activity and health; injuries (type, method, and place of origin); and method and the consequences of violence. Both questionnaires were translated, pilot tested locally, and validated.

Procedure

The students were assigned to the group of those exposed and to the group not exposed to physical activity, based on a preselection process.

Quantifying the level of physical activity was performed by the calculation of metabolic equivalent task (MET). Each type of activity and the required energy was weighted and defined in MET, in order to obtain the result in METminutes. Calculation of the total MET score was performed by summing the duration (in minutes) and frequency (in days) of all 3 types of physical activity during the previous 7 days. Respondents were classified into 3 categories according to the total volume of physical activity, based on the Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire: inactive/sedentary; moderately active; or intensely active.

Adolescents were divided into 2 groups based on the total MET score in accordance with the prescribed parameters. The first group consisted of intensively exposed students who met 1 of 2 criteria: strongintensive activity during at least 3 days a week and with a minimum of 1500 METminutes per week accumulated during the week; or 7 or more days of any combination of medium or strongintensive activities with a minimum of 3000 METminutes per week accumulated in 1 week. The second group consisted of students moderately physically active and those physically inactive. After 12months, all the students completed the AIC.

Registration of injuries that required medical intervention was performed by the review of medical documentation in health care institutions (school dispensaries, sports clinics, general practitioners' offices, and emergency departments of general hospitals). Data were collected over 12months. Registration of injuries included data on the first inspection by medical staff, intervention, hospitalization, rehabilitation, and exemption from physical activity.

Data Analysis

The analysis included measurement of the frequency of injuries, their severity, and type of association with a particular type of sport, and the mechanism of their origin, as well as the presence of some forms of risky behavior in adolescents.

Classification of injuries were carried out according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision, group XIXinjuries, poisonings, and other consequences of external causes (S00T98). Analysis of data relating to sport injuries was also performed according to the international classification of external causes of injury (International Classification of External Causes of Injuries [ICEC] version 1.2, 2004). Data analysis included frequencies, percentages, means, relative risk (RR), odds ratios (OR), and the required number of patients to treat (NNT). Statistical tests used as needed included the chisquare test with Yates' correction, t tests, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

RESULTS

Among 698 students enrolled in the study, 345 students were considered to be exposed to intensive physical activity and 353 students were considered as unexposed to intensive physical activity. Two students were excluded as on the repeated screening they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The exposed group of boys accounted for almost two thirds (63%), while in the nonexposed group girls made up 80% (2=128.276, df=1, p<.001).

Intensively physically active students had significantly better financial status (t=3.5700, df=695, p=.0004; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32557, 0.0944). They also showed better results in selfevaluation of their health (2=57.888, df=2, p<.001) and they were more satisfied with their body appearance (2=23.080, df=5, p<.001). Intensively physically active students were used to make friends more easily (2=31.749, df=3, p<.001) compared to students who were not intensively physically active.

Risky behavior is more likely to be frequent in intensively physically active students. A moderate level of correlation between the use of alcohol and participating in a fight was determined in this group (r=.268, p<.001). Intensively physically active students rarely felt morning fatigue and were less frequently on a diet compared to unexposed peers (Table 1).