((I have the outputs but I would like you to help me answer with explanation parts. Now, I attached the outputs here:))

Encrypt the file using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128-bit version using the openssl command. Use whatever password you want to use for encryption, but remember it as you will need it for later questions in the lab. $ openssl aes-128-cbc -salt -in passwd -out passwd.aes $ ls -l passwd* $ file passwd*

Compare the sizes and types of the resulting files. Describe how they differ in your own words (e.g. type, size or characters that you visualize).

-rw-r--r--1 1422 Mar 4 12:24 passwd

Passwd: ASCII text

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What are the similarities between the three different MACs? What are the differences?

$ openssl dgst -md5 passwd:

MD5(passwd)= 6e29ae2d61103c14c948c61fb812caf5

$ openssl dgst -sha1 passwd:

SHA1(passwd)= abe35b4a6821d0497309e6521142f76cd1e2fb59

$ openssl dgst -sha256 passwd:

SHA256(passwd)= d5861e12a83cb8f4bdb272579919d8f60914b3a315fb6cd590d4752f86baeb8

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Do the MACs differ in any way? Yes,

$ cp passwd passwd.1

$ openssl dgst -md5 passwd.1

MD5(passwd.1) = 6e29ae2d61103c14c948c61fb812caf5

$ openssl dgst -sha1 passwd.1

SHA1(passwd.1) = abe35b4a6821d0497309e6521142f76cd1e2fb59

$ openssl dgst -sha256 passwd.1 SHA256(passwd.1) = d5861e12a83cb8f4bdb272579919d8f60914b3a315fb6cd590d4752f86baeb8b

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Edit passwd.1 and change the first character, which is an r, to an s, then compute the checksums again. Write the checksums in the box below. What are the differences between the MACs for passwd and passwd.1? Are the majority of the encoded digits different? Yes. How are the differences between the MACs of the two files important for using MACs to secure the integrity of files?

$ vim passwd.1

$ openssl dgst -md5 passwd.1

MD5(passwd.1) = 46e7b29d49a3fd53b79a52b76755ce8e

$ openssl dgst -sha1 passwd.1

SHA1(passwd.1) = f8fd28ab2998b10acfb40c805ebc5d41ffc0a2c6

$ openssl dgst -sha256 passwd.1

SHA256(passwd.1) = 5412176f1081ed070ee4b3c4cd1047750ee1cc3785eb92d46b6d4bcd969f64b0

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