i have this lap experiment with the results and i want to explain step 12,13,14,15 and 31,32 and analyze the result and why the number are correcr , akso i want to write a refective summary

EXERCISE attering and Absorption sses EXERCISE OBJECTIVE At the completion of this exercise you will understand the attenuat ion that occurs when light trauels throuph a itber-cptic cable. You ustl calculate and mesare the pouer loss through an optical tiber. DISCUSSION All fiber-cptic cables have two wain parts: the optical flber and the jacket. The cotical fiber consists of a core surrounded by a clactin? Together the core and cladding forn a waveside that steers lizht through the fiber. The facket protects the fiber and prouides mechanical apport. Glass fibers are usually protected by additiona! strength and buffer favers. These layers protect the glass fiber from shock and sharp berds. The divaeter of a zlass fiber is snall enough to easily pass through your skin and cause a serious in jury. dotard nas step thisex cotical if sber. The refractive index of the f iber changes abrupt iy at the core and cladding interface. The refractive index of the cladding is 1.417. The core refract tue index is 5 \% higher or 1.492 . Light travel ins through the fiber core ref lects off the cladding because of the step change in the refraction index. 1. Hou does a step index fiber suide the light through its care? a. by refraction. b. Dy reflection. The 52.5 .125 glass cable prowided with the circuit board has a graded index fiber. The refraction index of the core charges zradually as the light moves away from the center of the core. 2 Which part of the zlass fiber has the highest refract tue index? a. The core. b. The claddina. EXERCISE Marufacturing uariations in the density or composition of the fiber scatter some of the light. imperfections in the cone to claddine interface are called microbends Hicrobends caise additional scatterine losses. Scattering losses decrease as waveleneth increases. Fiber manufacturers specify the conbined scattering and absorp- tion losses in decibels per kilometer (disa). 4. What is the expected attenuation for this plast ic fiber when it is used at a wavelength of 82grm ? a. 2898com b. 2 8 de/m c. 2cm cattering and Absorption Losses PROCEDURE See Heip 2-4 1. Cornect the in 5 -tersinated plast ic fiber-apt ic cable between the Excessive cable bending will cause unexpected tosses and paor exper tsental results. Use cent le arves snd avoid umectessary bends ihen rout the the fiber-opt ic cable. 2. Use the J-pin range shant to select the HI aeasurenent range. 3. Connect a twit betueen the phototransistor EnITIR and 9D. Light falling on the phototranaistor controis its phatocarrent (10). The trunsistor's photocurrent flous through the i ko resist or prodic ine a voltage that is proportional to the relat ive lizht pouer. 4. Neatare the relative laght pouer detected by the phototrinsistor. iny48=708m 5. Connect the 5m SI-terminated plast ic f ber-copt ic cable between the IRED ( 948ma) LED and the phototransistor. Avold cable bending by using severs 1 large loops. 6. Measure the relative 1 ight power detected by the phototransistor. 5tig48=3mV 7. Using the above formula, calculate the coptical power ratio between the two lengths of plastic cable. PR348=33.27d The power rat io between cables is die to attenuation from the additional 4m of optical fiber. 8. Caloulate the cotical power loss, or attenuation, in cala. LosS98=8.317d/m 13. Connect the 5m ST-terminated plastic fiber-opt ic cable betieen the red 160 and the phototransistor. 14. Heasure the relative 11 init pouer detected by the phototransistor. sin635=40.7in 15. Calculate the cable atteruation in coin (Lobs 635 ). LoSsijs =0.91dem 16. Does the observed 8.28 don atteruation agree with the eqpected value? a. yes b. no ering and Absorption Losses 9. Use this rraph to deternine the expected atteruation in tic cable at 943m. Lossexp+or5%com Each fiber-optic connection atteruates Iight. Variation betueen the connections introduces error in the observied poser rat io betucen the in and so ribers. The error introduced by the connector variations can total te.5 dea. 13. Is the observed walue of 4,3 o. 4.if dia expected value? a. yes b. no 11. Connect the in ST-terainated plastic fiber-octic cable between the red (635 re) UED and the phototransistor. 12. Heasure the relat ive light pouer detected by the phototransistor. Ins35 =94.7mV ring and Absorption Losses 17. Cornect the In 5T-terninated plastic fiber-cotic cable between the green ( 565rm ) LED and the phototrarsister. 18. Measure the relat ive light power detected by the phototransistor. ins 6517.5 inV 19. Connect the 5 S ST-ternmated plast ic fiber-cot ic cable between the green LED and the phototransistor. 23. Heasure the relative light pouer detected by the phototransistor. 535659.1miv 21. Cilculate the cable loss in 6 a. Lass555=0.7 13. Cornect the 5 s 5T-terwinated plastic flber-cot ic cable betiem the red L ED and the phototrandistor. 14. Nease the relat we light pout detected by the phototransistor. 5395=40.7an cosisis0.91das 16. Does the observed 1.21 Da atteruation acret with the eopected walue? b. ne Scattering and Absorption Losses 17. Cernect the in St-terninuted pisst ic fiber-cotit cable betueen the ereen (555 wil LD and the phototransistur. I8. Heasare the relat ive lisht paer detected by the phototraisistor. 1856. 17.5nv 15. Connect the in si-terninuted plastic fiber-eptic cabie betueen the green LED and the phototransistor. 21. Heasure the reiative liath poues detected by the phototranaister. 50565+9.1mW 21. Calculate the cable loss in d=as. cosess=0.7des EXERCISE 22. Did the observed aptical power loss agree with the expected value? a. yes b. no 23. Is f tber attenuat ion dependent on wavelength? a. yes b. no 24. Which wavelength is expected to produce the least power loss in the plast ic fiber? a. 94Bm b. 635ne c. 565ma The manufacturer apecifies this cable for use at 65 th because red light sources are aore efficient than green light sources. 25. Position the PApTotrasistor shunt to select the aore sensitive tLO neasurenent rance. 26. Connect the in ST-terminated glass 62.5125 fiber-opt ic cable between 27. Heasure the relat tue cptical power at the phototransistor. lin482000m The fiber-aptie cornections can introaice ip to a 1.2 a error in the relat ive pout measesents. 32. What is the asat lakely case for the relat ive pauer lasn between the in and 5 a rlass cablen? a. fiber atteruation B. comector attenation 31. If a 1365 re tipht aarce is trangatted throuch 2 in of 62.5 .125 risus cable, what is the epected fiber atteruation clossi? coss 0.02 is 34. Which type of fiber has the least atteruatien per unit lengthe a. rlass b. plastic