I just need a little explanation. That's all.

a) On last 2 graphs of these question what would be the graph title and what would be the explanation for it? please explain in very brief.

b) On question 4 given 2 graphs, what would the graph title be and a little explanation for it please.

c) On question 2 given graph, what would be the graph title?

d) On question 1 what would be the graph title and what would be the explanation for it?

Just answer me these questions that I typed and I will make sure to give the best feedback ever. please. YOU DON'T HAVE TO ANSWER THOSE QUSETION THAT IMAGES HAVE. JUST ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT I WROTE ABOVE a) b) c) AND d). PREETY PLEASE.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Carbon Tax vs Cap and Trade 1) CreatestandardsupplyanddemandcurvestoitMstrate the-negative extemaiitythatcomes with usinggasoihaExplarh whythe freemarketfar'fs. Externality "spillover": a market exchange that affects a third party that is not directly involved in the trade. Negative Externality outsiders who suffer as a result of commercial transactions conducted by others Ademand-andsupplydi'agramiscommonfymdbyecommists fodepictthesocmoostsofmanufactung. s Ga 01 It's important to notice that there are both external expenses and external advantages. To put it simply, the marginal social cost (MSG) curve is above the marginal private cost (MPC) curve by an amount that is equal to the marginal external cost (MEG), and the marginal private benefit (MP8) and marginal social benefit (MSB) are equal. An efficient economy can only be achieved in a perfectly competitive market. According to this, a freemarket competitive economy can contribute to the achievement of a state of maximum social welfare, meaning that any reallocation of resources cannot benefit some individuals without harming the welfare of others. This ideal position of Pareto efficiency can't be achieved in all cases, however ( i.e. the state of maximum social welfare). Market failures are those situations in which the market is unable to achieve economic efficiency for whatever reason. Marketfaurecanbeatfbutedtoone ofthree factors. 1) existence of monopoly or of imperfect competition, or 2) External economies and diseconomies in production and consumption can be found, as well as the presence of externalities. 3) the use of public services. Market Failure Externalities are one example of a market failure because the market as a whole does not distribute resources efficiently in a way that balances social costs and benefits. When a transaction between a buyer and a seller has an effect on a third party that is not a party to the transaction, we have an externality. The third party can be negatively or positively affected by an externality. Negative externalities may be reduced if people who cause them were forced to consider the larger costs of their actions. 2) Explain how a carbon tax could, in theory, correct for this market failure. Show in your graph the price consumers face, the price producers face, and the revenues raised. Firms and consumers will develop more efficient engines or other alternatives to consuming carbon emissions if the price of carbon emissions rises. With carbon prices, for example, hydrogen engines or solar power will be more efficient. It's possible that this will lead to an increase in the number of people who walk or cycle to work. 1. Encourages the use of different approaches. Firms and consumers will develop more efficient engines or other alternatives to consuming carbon emissions if the price of carbon emissions rises. With carbon prices, for example, hydrogen engines or solar power will be more efficient. It's possible that this will lead to an increase in the number of people who walk or cycle to work. The lessened chance of a heart attack would be one of the health benefits of this. As a result, using renewable energy sources to create electricity may become more feasible (e.g. solar power). Our dependence on foreign oil will be reduced as we create more renewable energy sources. A postroil economy will be more smoothly transitioned as a result. 4. Enhances the surroundings. As a result of increased taxation, companies will minimize emissions and hunt for environmentally friendly alternatives. So, for example, solar electricity will be even more costcompetitive than it already is. 5. There's proof of what worked. With carbon taxes in place, countries are reporting lower carbon emissions than would have otherwise been the case, and in many cases significant reductions in carbon emissions. 3) What is the gasoline tax in your State (or Country if you are not in the US). How much is raised and how is it spent? The federal excise tax on gasoline in the United States is 18.4 cents per gallon. while the tax on diesel fuel is 24.4 cents per gallon. Despite the fact that it was last increased on October 1, 1993. the federal income tax is not currently adjusted for inflation, which has climbed by 93% since then till now. US volumeweighted fuel tax for gas and diesel is 52.64 cents per gallon for gas and 60.29 cents per gallon for diesel as of April 2019, with state and local taxes and levies contributing an additional 34.24 cents and 35.89 cents. respectively. am hawk-em 9m] iisiailil [iiltiiiiililimniln rim: lililil f Ill alumnae-Inna) \"Wm $26.1 billion of that $36.4 billion came from gasoline taxes. while the rest was generated through taxi ng diesel and other specialty motor fuels. Until 1993. the tax was not adjusted to inflation, and it has not been raised since. Total inflation between 1993 and 201Tr was between 68 percent and 7? percent. In order to fund and maintain the country's transportation infrastructure. particularly mass transit, some policy consultants believe that a higher tax is required. The purchasing power of fixedrate gas taxes has dwindled as the cost of building new infrastructure and the efficiency of automobiles has improved [i.e., the unchanged tax rate from 1993 provides less real money than it originally did. when adjusted for inflation}. Fuel taxes should be raised by 10 cents per gallon, and diesel taxes by 15 cents per gallon, according to a re port provided by the National Surface Transportation Infrastructure Financing Commission in February 2009. People who oppose raising the price on gasoline claim that the money raised goes to programmes and debt service that have little to do with transportation infrastructure. Divergences can occur in both directions, according to other studiesr but gas taxes and "user feesII collected from motorists are not high enough to pay the whole cost of road-related expenditures, according to those experts. 4) Create a generic supply and demand graph to illustrate how a cap and trade program works (note, this is now the pollution permit market ... not the gasoline market - do not mix up the two markets!). Show what happens if the cap is lowered over time. p permit supply: fully inelastic P 2i inelastic demand Pzu unitary demand P1 demand shift supply fixed q, = 92S = Supply of tradeable permits Price ($) The supply of permits is perfectly elastic and P 2 fixed at this quantity by the government D 2 D1 Q1 CO2 permits Figure 10: Tradeable permits5) Research and provide details on the Cap and Trade Program of either California, South Korea, or the European Union. How many permits have been I are being issued? Are they sold or given away? Where do the revenues go? Has it been successful? What are the problems? you know learn about it and explain it to the viewer. California's plan to reduce GHG emissions includes the GapandTrade Program. It helps to ensure that California's GHG emission reduction goals are met costeffectively. This regulation imposes a decreasing limit on major sources of GHG emissions in California, and it provides a substantial economic incentive to invest in new technologies that are cleaner and more efficient. According to the Program, roughly 80% of the State's GHG emissions are covered. The "cap' on emissions is set by the California Air Flesources Board {CARE}. One metric tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions equals one permit {using the 100year global warming potential). There are less and less allowances each year, and the annual ceiling is getting less. GHG emissions reductions can be encouraged by an increasing yearly auction reserve (or base) and a reduction in the number of annual allowances available. CapandTrade participants are still subject to existing air pollution permit restrictions for criterion and hazardous pollutants. Cap and trade is one of the greatest multisectoral emissions trading schemes in existence today. Achieving California's aggressive 2020, 2030, and 2050 greenhouse gas emission reduction goals will be impossible without the programme. The Golden State has already achieved its 2020 objective of reducing emissions to 1990 levels {which it achieved in 2016). In addition, the state of California has set a target of zerocarbon power generation by 2045 and carbon neutrality for the entire economy by that same year. "he Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund in California receives the program's revenues, which are subsequently allocated to state agencies for the mplementation of initiatives aimed at further reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A minimum of 35% of the profits must go to lowincome and environmentallyvulnerable areas. The initiative has brought in $5 billion in total revenue since it began. "he Western Climate Initiative connects the programme to Quebec's capandtrade system. From the start of the programme in 2013 to 2011', the state's total emissions of greenhouse gases dropped by 5.3%. Emission reductions can be difficult to link to specific policies or market conditions, but at least some of these reductions can be credited to California's capandtrade programme, which covers roughly 85 percent of the state's emissions and has invested billions in emissionreducing projects. Reveme from the auction Most emission permits are sold at auction in California, even though there are some free allocations to help with the transition and to decrease emissions leakage. The state's Greenhouse Gas Fleduction Fund receives the proceeds of these auctions. State agencies then use this funding to execute programmes that further reduce emissions from the state legislature. Allowance auctions, according to the California Climate Investments 2020 Annual Report, have generated over $12.5 billion in revenue since the program's launch. More than ten million gasolinepowered cars would be taken off of the road each year, according to the research, if all initiatives completed by 2019 achieve their stated reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 44.? MMTCOEe. In 2012, a pair of laws created standards for the distribution of this annual money. The state's capandtrade revenue can be invested in avariety of ways, but the two statutes don't specify which programmes will benefit from the money. In order to improve air quality, AB 1532 mandates that the auction income be used for environmental reasons. SB 535, on the other hand, mandates that at least a quarter of the funds raised go to programmes that assist inoo me be used for environ mental reasons. SB 535, on the other hand, mandates that at least a quarter of the funds raised go to programmes that assist lowincome neighborhoods, which are disproportionately affected by air pollution. The state's Department of Finance oversees the use of this cash to reduce the direct health impacts of climate change in California's disadvantaged neighbourhoods, which are identified by the state's Environmental Protection Agency. The rules for revenue use were again changed in 2016 by AB 1150. Investments "inside and beneting disadvantaged communities and at least another 10% for low-income households or communities' must get at least 25% of revenues; this means that 35% of revenues must be directed toward helping out lowincome residents. Direct linkages On January 1r 2014, California's programme was linked to Quebec's programme; on January 1, 2018, it was unlinked from Ontario's programme, which had been discontinued by Ontario by mid2018. Across jurisdictions, offsets and allowances can be traded. There are combined auctions held by the related jurisdictions. Links that don't directly connect to each other In order to reduce emissions from deforestation and land degradation, California has signed an agreement with the Mexican state of Chiapas and the Brazilian state 01 Acre to generate sectorbased offsets {BEDD}. As of yet, no BEDD procedures have been accepted by the California Air Ftesources Board (CABB). The Climate Commitment Act of Washington state may allow a facility to use outofstate programmes to meet its compliance obligations. In order to implement the Climate Commitment Act, Washington's Department of Ecology will undertake a regulation process. This might be done through the regulatory process, and California is one of the possibilities. Prices for California allowances may be impacted indirectly if outofstate buyers entered the market. BJCreate a supply and demand graph to illustrate the Cap and Trade program using actual price and quantity data you have found it possible. 6)Create a supply and demand graph to illustrate the Cap and Trade program ... using actual price and quantity data you have found if possible. TABLE 1-SUMMARY OF ABATEMENT SUPPLY Abatement over 15 Years Annual Mean S.D. 5% 95% Average Electricity Price Response (floor) 10.3 1.5 7.8 12.8 0.7 Price Response (ceiling 30.0 4.4 22.8 37.2 2.0 Transport Price Response (floor) 21.6 3.2 16.4 26.8 1.4 Price Response (ceiling) 66.5 9.7 50.6 82.3 4.4 Natural Gas Price Response (floor) 46.3 4.0 39.7 52.9 3.1 Price Response (ceiling) 121.2 10.1 104.8 137.7 8.1 Exogenous Elec. rate effects 78.0 11.2 59.8 96.2 5.2 Advanced Clean Cars 227.9 156.0 22.8 483.5 15.2 Mobile Source Strat. 69.4 10.3 52.5 86.3 4.6 Elec. Imports 218.7 35.9 160.0 277.1 14.6 Offsets 198.4 48.5 119.7 277.5 13.2 Net Canada Trade -100.1 67.0 -209.4 9.3 -6.7 Total at Price Ceiling 909.9 60.7 Total at Price Floor 770.4 51.4 Notes: Ceiling price is assumed to rise at 5% prior to 2020. After 2020 Ceiling price is set $60 above the floor price. Prices are assumed to be at the floor in 2016-17.Distribution of abatement demand ( = BAU - Emissions Cap) Allowance Price Price Calling Price-responsive abatement Price Floor Complementary Measures and Non-price responsive abatement GHG Reductions Allowance Price in 2030 15.6%% 4.2% 9.7% 565 5.9% 12.4% $45 7.1% 45.0% $25 Complementary Measures and Non-price responsive abatement GHG Reductions