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In response to the financial crisis, the Fed implemented quantitative easing programs mainly to A reduce interest rates. B reduce the quantity of reserves C ensure that banks continued to make credit available to the economy D keep inflation from falling Central bank independence refers to central banks' A actions above the law. B power to negotiate with other central banks or governments in the world. power to make monetary policy decisions without interference from the government D ability to operate without the financial support of the government. The Fed changes the federal funds rate by A directing banks to charge each other a new rate. B changing banks' reserve requirements. changing the interest rates that banks charge consumers. D changing the supply of reserves in the overnight market The Phillips curve captures a A negative relationship between real GDP and the unemployment rate. B positive relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. C positive relationship between real GDP and the unemployment rate. D negative relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. The monetary base equals A the sum of all government assets. B government securities plus currency M2 minus M1 D currency plus reserves