I need help filling in the data tables asap

I understand it is a lot

V1-28, V2-29

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LAB-11 (LK) RC CIRCUITS q(t) = Q e HC (4] 5/26/2022 OBJECTIVES The purpose of this lab will be to determine how capacitors behave in RC circuits by measuring the time for charging and discharging. The manner in which capacitors combine will also be studied. EQUIPMENT 36.8% Q 1 EM-8656 AD/DC Electronics Lab 2 |PS-3211 Wireless voltage sensor Figure 1 Figure 4 Figure 5 3 PS-3212 Wireless current sensor In this experiment we will determine the time that it takes for the capacitor to charge and discharge 4 SE-8829 Student Multimeter to some value. From Ean (2) we see that since the capacitance 'C' is constant for a given 5 2 Battery capacitor, the charge 'Q' is proportional to the voltage 'AV' across the capacitor. So, instead of 6 |Wires, capacitors, and resistors measuring the charge, we will measure the voltage across the capacitor, which will be indicative R C1 Cz of the charge. Then the charge will be 10 Kn 100 UF 330 MF 470 HF q (t) = CAVc(t) (5) Where AVe(t) is the voltage drop across the capacitor at time t. While charging, when the potential THEORY difference across the capacitor reaches the battery potential, the capacitor is fully charged. At that point, the potential drop across the resistor is zero and there is no current in the circuit. An RC circuit is one in which we have a resistor in series with a capacitor (Figure 1). In this figure, the battery is not connected to the circuit, and there is no charging of the capacitor. Assume that the PROCEDURE capacitor is initially completely un-charged (which can be done by connecting both ends of the A. Build the RC circuit as shown in Figure 1 using Pasco AD/DC Electronics Lab. capacitor with a piece of wire). The switch is then thrown to position 'a' at time t = 0 s (figure 2). This B. Capstone Software and checking the circuit connection. starts charging the capacitor, and the rate of charging is given by: C. Data collection and calculations q(t) = Q (1 -e-RE) (1) D. Repeat A, B, and C for the RC circuits with two capacitors in series and parallel Using Pasco AD/DC Electronics Lab to build circuits: Where q(t) is the charge at time : after charging starts, R and C are the values of the resistance and capacitance. O is the maximum charge that can be stored on the capacitor, and is given by 3) Light Bulbs and Sockets ansistor socket 3.302 Resistor Q = CAV [2) Iron core) T = RC (3) KIT NO. Pushbutton Where C is the Capacitance of the capacitor, and AV is the applied potential across the capacitor. switch Coll The term RC is called the time constant (t) of the RC circuit, and is the time taken for the capacitor to charge to 63.2% of its maximum possible value. LA2 LC2 Component Q = CAV spring Battery Holder- 63.2% Q Janan Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 C1 The capacitor charges with time as shown in Figure 3. Even though equation (1) and this curve indicate that the capacitor will never be fully charged, for most practical purposes we consider 57 that the capacitor is fully charges after a time that is more than 5 time-constants have passed. To discharge the capacitor through the resistor, we move the switch to position 'b', as in Figure 4. IS * eventsfire EM-4656 AC/DC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY The capacitor discharges according to equation (4). The charge decreases exponentially as shown in Figure 5. Figure 6: definition of the names of each spring connectorThe names of each spring connector in the circuit board are shown in Figure 6. In the and $3, the total resistance should be out of range. And measure the total resistance between rectangular areas of Figure 2, the springs are connected in pairs, oriented perpendicular to each $2 and $3, the total resistance should be the resistance of your chosen resistor other and named C and S. In a given rectangular area, the two springs should be treated equally 2 in circuit connection. For example, connecting to CI means connecting to $1 also. Therefore the Put the "switch-wire" at J8 (discharging position). Use multimeter's "Voltage function" to names C1 and $1 are interchangeable in the following circuit build procedures. Similarly for C2 and measure the voltage across the capacitor ($2 and $1). Depending on the initial condition of the $2 capacitor, the value of the voltage should either be zero or decrease. Waiting one minute at this condition. Procedure A: Build a circuit as shown in Figure 1 using Pasco AD/DC Electronics Lab Then change the "switch-wire" to J4 (charging position), use multimeter's "Voltage function" to 1. Select one resistor (10 KQ). Select one capacitor (330 uF). Label the capacitor as C and the measure the voltage across the capacitor ($2 and $1). The value of the voltage should increase. resistor as R. 4 Practice using switch-wire to switch back and forth between J4 and J8. It should have a solid 2. Check Battery and put two batteries into the Battery Holder. Use the multimeter to check the connection for a few minutes. You may put the contact end of the switch-wire into the hole of values of each battery (Battery-1 across B1 and B2; and Battery-2 across B3 and B4). The value J4 or JB to increase the stability. of each battery should close to 1.5V. B2 wire connect to B3 (two battery connected together), Do not move to next steps until the verification of step 1 to 3 has been passed. and record the DC voltage between BI and B4 (label as AV) in the Table. Parallel connect the voltage sensor across capacitor C (across $2 and $1), the sensor will give 3. Build the circuit: the voltage (AVc) across the capacitor C. 3.01 B4 wire connects to $4 7 Capstone Software and Sensors: 3.02 BI wire connects to $8 3.03 CI wire connects to C5 7.1 Turn on the Capstone Software. Press the power button on the Wireless voltage sensor. The 3.04 C5 wire connects to C6 red LED should start blinking. The voltage sensor is now ready to connect via Bluetooth. 3.05 C6 wire connects to C7 7.2 In the Tools Palette (on left side of screen) click on "Hardware Setup". This will open the 3.06 C7 wire connects to C8 Hardware Palette. Select the Bluetooth symbol. You should see the voltage sensor that is 3.07 $2 R connects to $3 visible to Bluetooth to the computer. Select the Sensor. Make sure its ID is the same as on the 3.08 $1 c connects to $2 Sensor. 3.09 "Switch-wire" C3 (one end of the switch-wire is fixed at C3) connects to J4 (charging) 3.10 "Switch-wire" C3 (one end of the switch-wire is fixed at C3) connects to J8 (discharging) 7.3 Click Hardware Setup once again. This will close the Hardware Palette. 7.4 As the Hardware Palette closes, the Display Palette opens up. Double click the "Graph" on the up-right corner to open a graph. On the graph, set the Y-axis as Voltage and X-axis as + B4 Time. You can adjust the size of the graph, and the scale of the X- and Y-axes. 7.5 At the bottom-lower left of the screen is the 'RECORD' button. Once you click it, the system will start recording the voltage as a function of time. You should find the voltage value on 152 SA the graphs is zero when the switch-wire is at the suspend position; the voltage is increasing CI C2 R C3 C4 when the switch-wire at the charging position J4; and the voltage is decreasing when the switch-wire at the discharging position J8. It will stop recording when clicked a second time. 7.6 You may need to change the sample rate at the bottom-lower middle (left of the "Recording Condition") of the screen. The default sample rate is 20 Hz, which means that the sensor will take 20 data points within one second. If the RC time constant is too small (less than one second, for example), you need to increase the sample rate to a higher value C5 (1 KHz, for example). For long-term data collection over multiple hours, lower the sample C6 C7 C8 rate to conserve memory and reduce the data file size. 56 57 58 18 7.7 You can get the values of the RC time constant (t = 1/B) of the RC circuit from the V.(t) curve by clicking on the "Highlight Data" icon to get a colored square on the screen. You can adjust its width and height, and move it around the screen. On the graph, move and B1 adjust its size so that a portion of the data showing a charging/discharging data is inside the box. Then click the "Curve Fits" icon and choose "Inverse Exponent" for charging data and Figure 7: Circuit connections on the Pasco AD/DC circuit Board. "Natural Exponential" for discharging data to get the B value of the curve. Procedure B: Capstone Software and checking the circuit connection. 1 Put the "switch-wire" at suspend position, use the multimeter's "resistance function" to measure the total resistance between $1 and $8, the total resistance should be 0 (you will hear a beep Highlight Data Apply Curve Fit to Highlighted Data when using the Multimeter Continuity Test model. Measure the total resistance between $1Procedure C: Data collection and calculations (Case-A: charging; Case-B: discharging) 9. Compare the calculated and the experimental values of RC time constant using $ error. Put 1. Use the known values of resistance and capacitance to calculate the time constant. The your calculation in the table 2 and 4. charging or discharging time should last about 10 times that time constant. 10. Calculate the charges equal to one time constant, two time constants, and five time constants 2. Before starting, completely discharging the capacitor, which can be done by connecting both for both charging and discharging cases and enter in Table 2, and Table 4. Compare these with the experimental values using % error. Put your calculation in the table 2 and 4. ends of the capacitor with a piece of wire. 3. Refer to Procedure B step 7, put the switch-wire at the discharging position Jo and click the RECORD' button. You should find the voltage value on the Capstone graph is zero. Wait about Procedure D: Repeat Procedure A, B, and C for the RC circuits with two capacitors in series a few seconds, quickly change the switch-wire at the charging position J4. Wait about 10 times and parallel of the RC time constant, quickly change the switch-wire at the discharging position JS. Wait another 10 times of the RC time constant. Then click the "STOP" button again to stop record. Case-C: Capacitors in Series Now your charging and discharging curve should like as the following Figure 8: 1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 10. + C4 C C2 Charging Discharging C7 CB starting time starting time Figure 8: Charging and discharging curve Figure 10 4. Read the data on the curve and record the voltage values in Table 1 and Table 3. Note that 2. Repeat Procedure C 1 to 3 and find the charging and discharging experiment curve. the real charging or discharging time should be the time on the curve minus the "Charging 3. Calculate the value of the time constant by using the equivalent capacitance of capacitors in starting time" or "Discharging starting time". series. 5. Pasco Capstone has a function to read data quickly along a curve. Click anywhere on the curve, you will see three icons. Click the left "Add Coordinates/Delta Tool" icon and now you Repeat Procedure C 8, using the "Curve Fit" find out the experiment values of the RC time can read the data of the selected point on the curve. You can change the data point by simply constant (t = 1/B) for the charging and discharging cases, and enter in Table 5. click the "+" or "-" on the key board. 5. Compare the measured and calculated values of the time constant for capacitors in series. Case-D: Capacitors in parallel 1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure 11. Repeat all the procedures in the Case-C except the difference of the equivalent capacitance. Enter the results in Table 5. 84 51 $2 -CI CZ C4 C1 Figure 9: Read the data on the curve 6. Using equation (5], obtain the charge at each time, and enter in Table 1, and 3. CG C7 R7 Use the known values of resistance and capacitance to calculate the time constant and the 56 57 maximum charge by using ean. (2) and ean. (3), and enter in Table 2 and Table 4. 8. Use the "Curve Fit" in the procedure B7.7 to find out the experiment values of the RC time constant (t = 1/B) for the charging and discharging cases, and enter in Table 2 and Table 4. Figure 11DATA Case-A: Data for charging a single capacitor Table-1 Resistance R = Capacitance C = Charge Charge Charge Measured on Measured on Measured or Time Time Capacitor Time Capacitor (s) Voltage Capacitor (9) Voltage (s) Voltage (Vc) q (t) (Vc) q(t (Vc) legn. (5) legn. (5) lean. (5] 0.30 2.00 6.60 0.70 2.30 10.0 1.00 2.70 13.0 1.30 3.00 17.0 1.70 3.30 20.0 Table 2 Maximum Charge from ean (2): 0= Calculated value Experimental value %% error eqn (3) (Curve fitting] RC time constant Calculated value Experimental value 76 error egn (1) ean (5) Charge at t = 1 t Charge at t = 2 t Charge at t = 3 tCase-B: Data for Discharging a single capacitor Table-3 Resistance R = Capacitance C = Charge Charge Charge Time Measured on on Time Measured on Time Measured Voltage Capacitor Voltage Capacitor Voltage Capacitor (s) (9) (Vc) q (t) a(t) IVe q(t) legn. (5) legn. (5) legn. (5] 0.30 2.00 6.60 0.70 2.30 10.0 1.00 2.70 13.0 1.30 3.00 17.0 1.70 3.30 20.0 Table 4 Calculated value Experimental value To error eqn (3) (Curve fitting) RC time constant Calculated value Experimental value To error eqn (4) eqn (5) Charge at t = 1 T Charge at t = 2 t Charge at t = 3 tCase C and D: Data for Two Capacitors in Series and Parallel: Table 5: Resistance: Capacitance 1: Capacitance 2: Type of Circuit Calculated Percent Measured Measured Percent values of error in time Charging Discharging error in time Capacitors in: of to and to time Ic time to of charging discharging Series Parallel Ic : Time constant for charging ID : Time constant for discharging