I need help with these questions. Thank you

- What is adverse selection and what problem does adverse selection present to the market? - How do market participants decide which firms to invest in (name four aspects)? - What is information asymmetry? How is it mitigated? - How do stakeholders use corporate information? Why is it important for stakeholders that companies provide high-quality disclosures? - What is the efficient market hypothesis (EMH)? Is it true? What factors complicate EMH? - What is a heuristic? What is its relation to decision making? - In the corporate environment, information asymmetry creates disadvantage. What parties are at a disadvantage and why? - Companies face advantages and disadvantages of disclosing firm-specific information. What are some of these advantages and disadvantages? - There are two sources of GAPP: primary and secondary. Give examples of each. - What is regulatory capture? What dimensions could we examine to determine if a board has been 'captured'? - In general terms, what is the mandate of provincial securities commissions? What is the largest securities commission in Canada? - What capitals are included in the International Integrated Reporting Framework (IIRF)? How are they interrelated? - How does IFRS define an economic entity? What difference does this make for corporate reporting? - Other comprehensive income items are defined by IFRS to include what 4 types of items? - What is periodicity and how does periodicity affect the going concern assumption? - At what point in time does historical cost equal fair value? What causes these two measurements to differ? - What is the full disclosure principle? How can companies comply with full disclosure while maintaining accessible documents? - What is a business model? What information does a business model include? - What is a heuristic? What is its relation to decision making? - High-quality earnings metrics are said to have confirmatory and predictive value. What does this mean? Discuss in the context of proforma earnings. - What are profiorma earnings? Why concerns do security commissions have about these earnings metrics, and what regulations are in place to mitigate potential manipulation? - Tversky and Kahneman, in their seminal 1979 paper on prospect theory, demonstrate a gap in small negative earnings (i.e. net losses) and a spike in small positive earnings. Why is management so keen to avoid losses? And how does management increase income to avoid a loss? - What is big bath accounting? Why does management engage in this behavior? - Why do companies issue non-GAAP earnings? Why has this practice increased? Where are nonGAAP earnings reported? - Proforma earnings are sometimes called "earnings before the bad stuff". Explain why