I need six questions answered. you can choose of which questions from these three chapters 11-13 in the image. perferably 2 of each chapter. please title before each answer of the chapter and question number, thank you

you can just pick the first two questions from each chapter for a total of six. each image is a chapter you can choose from. they dont need to be very long.

CH 11 1. The federal government has made many attempts to regulate lobbying over the course of American history, Discuss the federal government's rules regarding lobbying and what impact they have on the strategies employed by lobbyists, In your answer, think about specific laws passed by Congress, as well as recent Supreme Court decisions on campaign finance, 2. Describe some of the different strategies that interest groups use to gain influence on public policy. In your answer, be sure to give specific examples of each of the strategies you discuss 3. A continuing problem for interest groups is the free-rider problem. A free rider is one who enjoys the benefits of a group but does not join it. An example is a worker who does not join a labor union but still receives the union-negotiated wages, benefits, and vacations. Unions, of course, want anyone who receives the benefits to belong to the organization. This is called a closed shop.) Many states have passed right-to-work laws that forbid a closed shop, including Florida. Should people who enjoy the benefits of a union be required to join and/or pay fees if they enjoy the benefits of membership (see Jomus v. AFSCMEY? Can a union be effective if people are not required to join? 4. The tobacco lobby has always been one of the largest and most powerful in Washington, D.C. Not only does it give money to strategic legislators, but it also has the strong support of those who have tobacco farmers in their districts. In recent years, however, tobacco advocates have been on the defensive. They have lost some important cases in court and have paid out large settlements to some of the states. Why has the tobacco lobby lost some of its power? Are there other industries or issues that are likely to experience a similar demise? Why or why not? 5. Some observers believe that interest groups in the United States are slowly eroding democracy that is, that most groups are interested only in personal gain, not the national interest. Countries such as Japan and Germany have very few interest groups and are thus able to make decisions more quickly with a view toward the public interest. What are some arguments in favor of our pluralist interest group-driven) type of government? On the other hand, what are some ways that interest groups impede democracy? Which system is more preferable one with many groups or one with few! 6. James Madison asserted that in a free society the clash among competing interests, cach pursuing selfish goals, would result in policies that served the common good. Is free competition among competing interests actually the best way to promote the common good? Is such free competition typical in the United States today? 7. How do interest groups differ from political parties? Which political process is preferential one that is dominated by parties or one in which groups are more important? 8. Are you a part of any interest groups? If so, what are they? If not, are there concerns you share with other students that have not been addressed? Would forming an interest group be an effective means of making the powers that be (states. Congress, the university, etc.) respond to these issues? CH 12 1. There are many different ways that members of Congress can represent the American people. Define and discuss the differences between descriptive and substantive representation. In addition, define and discuss the differences between a trustee and a delegate. Which type of representation do you think the U.S. Congress provides best? Why? Image you are a member the legislature and now must cast the deciding vote on a very controversial issue. If you know that your personal position was contrary to that held by the majority of the people in your congressional district, would you vote in accord with the beliefs of the people or your interests? If you could vote anonymously, would this change your vote? 2. What is the organizational structure of Congress? What are some of the leadership positions in both houses and what are their functions? What are some of the types of committees? Are there any important differences between the organizational structures of the House and Senate? If so, discuss them. 3. Describe the process by which a bill becomes a law. What are the major steps in the process? What are the main differences in the legislative process between the two houses of Congress? 4. Describe how Congress exercises its checks and balances over the executive branch, Which chamber of Congress has more authority over the executive branch? Provide examples. How might partisanship help to diminish the exercise of congressional power over the presidency? Explain. 5. Why does the American public have such a low opinion of Congress? What can members of Congress do to improve their reputation among the general public? 6. For over a century, Congress has faced charges that it is dominated by special interests that drown out the public voice. Why is it so hard to make the voice of the public heard over the special interests in Congress? What reforms can enhance the public's influence in congressional deliberations? 7. Why is sociological representation important? If congressional representatives have racial, religious, or educational backgrounds similar to their constituents, are they better representatives? Why or why not? 8. Some observers express concem about high reclection rates for incumbent members of Congress and have advocated for term limits as a way to formally remove longtime members of Congress. Why do you think these proposals for term limits are being advanced? Are there advantages to having long-serving members of Congress in office (ex.when dealing with an entrenched bureaucracy? What do recent election cycles say about the need for term limits? Are there other ideas for systemic reform such that challengers are placed on a more equal footing with incumbents? 9. Pork barrel legislation provides members of Congress with an opportunity to direct government funds to projects benefiting their home sales and districts. Explain how pork barrel legislation allows members to accomplish their main goal of reelection. Can you identify any negative consequences of adding constituency-specific projects to legislation? In other words, are there circumstances under which claiming credit for pork barrel legislation could backfire? 10. Ate party leaders becoming stronger or weaker over time? Using evidence from trends of party cohesion and partisan polarization, develop hypotheses about what affects the strength of parties in Congress. Do you prefer strong or weak party leadership? Does your answer change according to which party is in power? Why or why not CH 13 1. Describe and discuss the different powers of the president. Specifically, define the differences between the president's expressed, implied, delegated, and inherent powers and provide an example of cach. What are some of the checks placed on these powers by the other branches of goverment? Which one of the presidential powers listed above most accounts for current state of the powers of the presidency? 2. During the nineteenth century, Congress was America's dominant institution of government , and members of Congress sometimes treated the president with disdain. Explain how presidents have changed this reality during the last 120 years by adopting an administrative strategy. Specifically, discuss how presidents have enhanced the reach and power of the Executive Office of the President (EOP), increased White House control over the federal bureaucracy, and expanded the role of instruments of direct presidential governance 3. One way presidents have expanded their power is through employing a strategy of "going public." Describe what this strategy entails and what its limitations are. In your answer, be sure to provide specific examples of how particular presidents have used this strategy. 4. Most Americans in the 1930s and 1940s did not know that President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was severely handicapped from polio and had to tase a wheelchair, just as many in the 1960s did not know that John F. Kennedy had extramarital affairs while in the White House, Journalists at the time censored themselves due to respect for the office and the man. Which is better not knowing very much or knowing a lot about the personal lives of presidents? Does what happens in a politician's life affect his or her ability to govern? Have our most effective presidents also been the most exemplary? Explain. 5. Are the responsibilities of the American president to large a job for one person? Why has the American presidency as an institution grown so farge? Are there any powers you think should be taken away from the president? 6. While the ability to declare war is officially a power of Congress, they have not declared war formally since World War 11, and the president has taken up most of the national security authority in the United States, Is the president to unconstrained in using the military? What might the impact be to national security if the president's powers were more limited by Congress? 7. Since Ronald Reagan, presidents have increasingly employed signing statements (George W. Bush was arguably the first president who received significant challenges to his usage of signing statements, and Obama and Trump have also been criticized for using them). Signing statements can serve rhetorical purposes, but they can also guide executive branch implementation of laws through, for example, the president's own interpretation of the constitutionality of provisions in a statute. There is no constitutional provision authorizing the president to add his interpretation of a bill be is signing into law. What does this uptick in signing statement behavior reveal about the nature of the president's role in the legislative process? What are the benefits and drawbacks of a president engaging in signing statements? What do you think will happen to the signing statement debate in the future? 8. Given that most presidential powers are delegated and informal, the president's ability to shape American politics is largely contingent on public support. Note that the public opinion data presented in the chapter suggest that public approval of the vast majority of presidents declines over the course of their terms in office. To what extent do flagging political support or declining poll numbers hamper the president's ability to load Congress and the nation? Are there areas where this fact will be of little consequence! Discuss the suitability of public opinion polls for conferring a mandate on the president 9. Since the 1800s, the president's power has grown at the expense of Congress. Has the executive branch become too strong? How might Congress rein in the power of the president? Congress could author laws that are more specific and limit discretion when they delegate powers by statute thus enhancing their authority vis-b-vis the president. However, what rational goals or concerns of members of Congress might prevent them from passing more specific and detailed legislation (reelection Are there any constitutional reforms one might propose, such as limiting the president to one term in office or creating more independent agencies that are separate from the presidency like the Federal Reserve Board 10. Compare and contrast the institution of the presidency that was developed by the framers with the modern presidency. What are some examples of powers the presidency has received via delegation and the rights, duties, and obligations of the presidency"? Which framers do you think would be pleased with the trajectory of the institution of the presidency, and what evidence can you use to back up your argument? CH 11 1. The federal government has made many attempts to regulate lobbying over the course of American history, Discuss the federal government's rules regarding lobbying and what impact they have on the strategies employed by lobbyists. In your answer, think about specific laws passed by Congress, as well as recent Supreme Court decisions en campaign finance, 2. Describe some of the different strategies that interest groups use to gain influence on public policy. In your answer, be sure to give specific examples of each of the strategies you discuss CH 12 1. There are many different ways that members of Congress can represent the American people. Define and discuss the differences between descriptive and substantive representation. In addition, define and discuss the differences between a trustee and a delegate. Which type of representation do you think the US Congress provides best? Why? Image you are a member the legislature and now must cast the deciding vote on a very controversial issue. If you knew that your personal position was contrary to that held by the majority of the people in your congressional district, would you vote in second with the beliefs of the people or your interests? If you could vote anonymously, would this change your vote? 2. What is the organizational structure of Congress? What are some of the leadership positions in both houses, and what are their functions? What are some of the types of committees? Are there any important differences between the organizational structures of the House and Senate? If so, discuss them CH 13 1. Describe and discuss the different powers of the president. Specifically, define the differences between the president's expressed, implied, delegated, and inherent powers and provide an example of each. What are some of the checks placed on these powers by the other branches of government? Which one of the presidential powers listed above most accounts for current state of the powers of the presidency? 2. During the nineteenth century, Congress was America's dominant institution of government, and members of Congress sometimes treated the president with disdain. Explain how presidents have changed this reality during the last 120 years by adopting an administrative strategy, Specifically, discuss how presidents have enhanced the reach and power of the Executive Office of the Prosident (BOP), increased White House control over the federal bureaucracy, and expanded the role of instruments of direct presidential governance