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The following data on x = score on a measure of test anxiety and y = exam score for a sample of n = 9 students are consistent with summary quantities given in a paper. Higher values for x indicate higher levels of anxiety. 23 14 14 0 17 20 20 15 21 44 60 49 77 49 51 47 52 52 LA USE SALT (a) Construct a scatterplot. 70 70 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 X 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 AO 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Comment on the features of the plot. O The points are all plotted close together and provide evidence of a negative association between the two variables. O One point in the plot is plotted by itself. The remaining points provide evidence of a positive association between the two variables. O One point in the plot is plotted by itself. The remaining points provide evidence of a negative association between the two variables. O The points are all plotted close together and provide evidence of a positive association between the two variables. O The points are all plotted close together and provide no evidence of any relationship between the two variables. (b) Does there appear to be a linear relationship between the two variables? How would you characterize the relationship? There appears to be a very strong negative linear relationship between test anxiety and exam score. O There appears to be a very weak negative linear relationship between test anxiety and exam score. There appears to be a very strong positive linear relationship between test anxiety and exam score. There appears to be a no linear relationship between test anxiety and exam score. O There appears to be a very weak positive linear relationship between test anxiety and exam score. (c) Calculate the value of the correlation coefficient. (Give the answer to four decimal places.) r = Is the value of r consistent with your answer to part (b)? O This is consistent with the observations given in Part (b). O This is not consistent with the observations given in Part (b). (d) Is it reasonable to conclude that test anxiety caused poor exam performance? Explain. No, we cannot conclude that test anxiety caused poor exam performance. The results do not indicate any relationship between test anxiety and poor performance so there cannot be a cause and effect relationship. Yes, we can conclude that test anxiety caused poor exam performance. The results indicate a strong linear relationship which is sufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship. O No, we cannot conclude that test anxiety caused poor exam performance. The results indicate a strong linear relationship suggesting that test anxiety improved test performance Yes, we can conclude that test anxiety caused poor exam performance. The results indicate a strong nonlinear relationship which is sufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship. No, we cannot conclude that test anxiety caused poor exam performance. The results indicate a strong linear relationship but a strong correlation is not sufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship