Identify each of the following as (i) part of an expansionary fiscal policy, (ii) part of a contractionary fiscal policy, or (iii) not part of fiscal policy.

a. The personal income tax rate is lowered.

b. Congress cuts spending on defense.

c. College students are allowed to deduct tuition costs from their federal income taxes.

d. The corporate income tax rate is lowered.

e. The state of Nevada builds a new tollway in an attempt to expand employment and ease traffic in Las Vegas.