Identify each of the following short-run costs as either variable or fixed.

a.Incorporation costs for a startup company are a

(Click to select)

fixed

variable

cost.

b.Miners' wages for a mining company are a

(Click to select)

variable

fixed

cost.

c.Package design costs for a consumer eletronics company are a

(Click to select)

variable

fixed

cost.

d.Automobile leasing costs for a car rental agency are a

(Click to select)

fixed

variable

cost.

e.Hydro dam construction costs for an electric utility are a

(Click to select)

fixed

variable

cost.