If a decision-maker, under a duty to afford procedural fairness, has undertakento do something (X) during the process of decision-making, but does not fulfil that promise

Select one:

a.the decision is invalid, in all cases

b.the decision is invalid if the applicant had a subjective expectation that X would be done, promises must always be kept.

c.the decision is always valid as promises are irrelevant to the content of the duty to afford natural justice

d.the decision is invalid only if practical injustice flowing from the departure from the promise is shown - practical injustice is what shapes procedural fairness.

Clear my choice